Contract Law, Company Law, and Directors’ Duties in Ireland
Contract Law
Parties to a Contract
The parties to a contract are typically the offeror (the party making the offer) and the offeree (the party accepting the offer).
Unilateral Contract
A unilateral contract involves a promise made by one party in exchange for a specific act performed by the other party (e.g., a reward for finding a lost dog).
Popular Types of Contracts
Common types of contracts include:
- Employment contracts
- Service contracts
- Sales contracts
- Lease agreements
Offer vs. Invitation to Treat
An
Read MoreUtilitarianism as a Moral Framework
Introduction
Utilitarianism is a conception of morality based on the principle of usefulness. It judges actions based on their ability to maximize positive consequences, such as happiness or satisfaction, for the greatest number of people. This framework can be summarized as “the maximum welfare for the maximum number of people.”
Pros of Utilitarianism
Any purpose we propose is related to happiness. Virtue and happiness share common ground: being virtuous makes us feel good (pleasure), while not being
Read MoreDescartes’ Methodical Doubt and the Search for Truth
1.2 The Key to Understanding the Cartesian Method
Scholasticism Crisis
René Descartes (1637) is considered a cornerstone of modern philosophy. After the Middle Ages, which hadn’t produced any truly original philosophical doctrines, rationalism took on a new edge with Descartes’ approach. Several factors contributed to this shift:
- Nominalism, with figures like William of Ockham, challenged scholasticism from within.
- Renaissance humanism encouraged a return to classical antiquity.
- The new science introduced
Nietzsche’s Critique of Traditional Philosophy in “Twilight of the Idols”
Summary 1: Senses and the Body
Nietzsche challenges traditional philosophy’s denigration of the sensible world in favor of a supposed supersensible realm. He argues that this devaluation stems from a misunderstanding of change and a flawed belief in immutable concepts. Nietzsche questions the adequacy of reason as the sole means of understanding the world and suggests that the supersensible world is a human construct, a reaction against the perceived imperfections of the sensible world.
Summary 2:
Read MoreFormal and Empirical Sciences: Methods and Theories
Formal and Empirical Sciences
There are two kinds of science:
- Formal Science: Deals with symbols and their relationships, not with facts and events in the world. Its content is based on logic and mathematics, and it doesn’t have an empirical connection to reality.
- Empirical Science: Deals with reality and has empirical content that emerges from observation. It is divided into two types:
- Natural Science: Deals with natural reality (e.g., physics).
- Social Science: Deals with social and human reality (
David Hume: Empiricism, Causality, and Metaphysics
David Hume: The Completion of Empiricism
Life and Work
Hume’s most important work is A Treatise of Human Nature, along with An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding and An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals. His philosophy aimed to justify and legitimize human knowledge through empiricism and illustration. Recognizing the challenge of attaining certain knowledge, Hume focused on studying human nature. He believed empirical knowledge, not innate ideas, was the key to understanding human
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