Understanding the Human Psyche: Brain, Mind, and Consciousness
Brain and Nervous System
The brain is the nervous system’s main organ.
Dimensions of the Human Being
The mind represents an intellectual, emotional, volitional, mental, and spiritual dimension.
Philosophical Perspectives
Cybernetics
Cybernetics views the brain as a complex computer.
Hylemorphism
Hylemorphism argues that matter cannot exist without a specific form. The body is the material basis of the soul.
Rationalities
Rationalities refer to the multiple applications, uses, and value of reason.
Conscience
Conscience
Read MoreOrtega y Gasset: Life, Philosophy, and the Spanish Crisis
Coxto Hist. Ort: The Birth
From 1883 until his death in 1955, Spain experienced many political forms: the Monarchy of Alfonso XII and XIII, the Republic in 1923, the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera, and Franco’s dictatorship after the Civil War. Period of conflict: Spain lost its remaining colonies in 1898 (Cuba and the Philippines) and faced confrontation with the U.S., worker revolts in Catalonia and Andalusia, and peasant uprisings. Internationally, events such as two world wars and the Russian
Read MoreDescartes’ Philosophy: Innate Ideas and the Existence of God
Analysis and Explanation (rating 0-5 points)
The immutable truth, the basis of all philosophy for Descartes, is the existence of the self as a thinking subject. In principle, this truth does not imply the existence of any other reality. Therefore, the problem posed is how to achieve certainty that there is something other than your own thinking. To reply, Descartes makes a kind of balance of what is true: thought as activity, and the ideas you think. Thinking, says Descartes, is always thinking ideas.
Read MoreSocrates vs. Sophists, Plato’s Philosophy, and Early Thinkers
The Difference Between Socrates and the Sophists
The word sophistes meant master in wisdom. These men traveled, engaging in politics and charging for lessons. They claimed knowledge of everything: astronomy, geometry, arithmetic, phonetics, music, painting. However, their aim was not truth, but the appearance of knowledge to gain authority. They were philosophical skeptics and relativists, believing that absolute truth was unattainable, and everyone had their own truth. For Socrates, philosophizing
Read MoreNature and Culture: Philosophical Concepts and Historical Relationship
1. The Concept of Nature
The first concept of nature arises from the reflections of early pre-Socratic philosophers, viewing it as cosmos or world, encompassing dynamic elements. For Aristotle, nature refers to beings that move under their own mode and purpose, as opposed to artificial beings. Everything that moves is moved by a first mover, a still and motion generator. After the scientific revolution, laws governing movement emerged. Descartes saw nature as a machine operating according to laws.
Read MoreUtopian Socialism vs. Marxism: A Comparative Analysis
Utopian Socialism
Utopian socialist theories emerged in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, seeking a more humane society in response to industrialization’s dehumanizing effects. Notable utopian socialists include:
- Saint-Simon (French)
- Robert Owen (English)
Robert Owen, an industrialist, attempted to apply his theories in his factory. Karl Marx later labeled these socialists as “utopian dreamers,” contrasting them with his own “scientific” and “philosophic” socialism.
Marxism
Marxism, developed by