Aristotle’s Metaphysics: Substance, Form, and Knowledge
Ultimately, the primary substance is the truly real, the substance in the strict sense: it is the ultimate subject in which all other things have their existence. Following Plato, Aristotle considers the nature of a thing—what makes it what it is—to be its form, not its matter. Aristotelian forms, like Platonic Ideas, possess a qualitative nature. However, unlike Platonic Ideas, which are transcendent and exist above the world of sensible things, Aristotelian forms are intrinsic to things themselves.
Read MoreHuman Evolution: From Darwin to Modern Synthesis
Anthropology: Derived from the Greek words anthropos (human being) and logos (study or discourse), it’s the science encompassing human biology and behavior.
Biological Anthropology:
Anatomical studies and the physical transformations of humans throughout their biological development. Its focus is on humanization.
Socio-cultural Anthropology:
The study of humans as organic beings in relation to other living things. It examines different social systems and group behaviors.
Philosophical Anthropology:
Read MoreTwelve Theses on the Nature of Politics
Thesis 1: The Autonomy of Politics
Politics has its own meaning; its nature is specific. Heller: Policy is a specific law, differing from social life. Leibholz: Politics has its own basis and doesn’t mask other realities.
Some believe politics is merely a reflection of other fields (economics, etc.). However, politics has its own substance and is not solely dependent on other activities.
Thesis 2: Politics as Human Activity
Politics is an Activity of People
- People engage in politics.
- Politics is not essentially
Ethical Principles, Values, and Decision-Making in Healthcare
- Describe four principles and how they nest.
- Principle of Autonomy: The right of everyone to decide for themselves on all matters that affect them in any way, knowingly and without coercion of any kind. This determines the duty of each to respect the autonomy of others.
- Principle of Beneficence: The right to live according to one’s own conception of life, ideals, and happiness. Related to the principle of autonomy, this also determines the duty of everyone to seek the good of others, not in their own
Truth, Reason, and Life in Ortega y Gasset’s Philosophy
Ortega y Gasset’s Philosophy
The Doctrine of View from The Modern Theme
This text, an epistemological fragment from Chapter X of Ortega y Gasset’s The Modern Theme (1923), marks the transition from perspectivism to ratio-vitalism. This philosophical renewal transcends life itself, bridging the divide between reason and life. In the first chapter, Ortega y Gasset introduces his theory of generations, arguing that his contemporaries held the responsibility to revitalize Spain’s stagnant intellectual
Read MoreEmpiricism: Locke, Berkeley, and Hume
George Berkeley: Empiricism
Concept
Berkeley equates the sensible world with reality and denies the intelligible. He rejects general ideas but accepts abstract ideas. Abstraction is unnecessary because things are what they are in themselves. Qualities are the only reality, perceived by the mind as ideas, and God facilitates this perception. General ideas form when the mind disregards the specific circumstances of a concrete idea, allowing it to refer to particulars. Ultimately, Berkeley’s philosophy
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