Understanding Ortega’s Philosophical Stages and Perspectives
Stage of His Thought An Objectivist (1902-1910): This is the stage of formation, which included his stay in Germany. Ortega published articles only. Concerned about the gap between Spain and Europe, which may only be overcome if one eliminates subjectivism and dominant personality. This method requires critique, rationality, and objectivity. He maintains that one must treat men as things, leading to anti-humanism and objectivism, which he later recanted.
2 Perspectives (1910-1923): In 1913, two very
Read MoreUnderstanding Citizenship: Rights, Duties, and Historical Context
Citizenship is a broad concept that is closely related to society, politics, law, employment, and ethics. It is defined theoretically and practically, progressively extending its meaning. “Being a citizen” status is expressed by recognizing the individual embedded in a community with certain rights and duties in their relations with others and with the state. Socially, the citizen has certain rights and duties in their social relationships with others within civil society and a particular physical
Read MoreUnderstanding Human Action and Social Norms
1. Human Action and Social Norms
– Human Action: The production of a change in the world by a human being in specific time-space circumstances, voluntarily and intentionally.
· There is a difference between the actions one performs and events that occur to the subject.
· Excluded: Character traits (e.g., being a man of action), reflex actions (e.g., blinking), mental actions (e.g., thinking), and natural phenomena (e.g., the action of wind).
· Includes: Omissions (one can voluntarily omit something)
Read MoreNietzsche’s Philosophical Evolution: From Tragedy to Nihilism
Period of His Work
Romantic Period
Corresponds to the philosophy of the night. During this time, he is interested in the classics and inspired by Schopenhauer and Wagner’s music. Works include The Birth of Tragedy, which embodies the spirit of music.
Positivism Period
This period represents a break with previous philosophies, expressing a positive attitude by condemning metaphysics (Plato), art, and religion. Notable works include Human, All Too Human, which denounces the ideals of Western culture,
Read MoreUnderstanding Kantian Metaphysics and Its Implications
Understanding Kantian Metaphysics
In this excerpt, Kantian metaphysics is the problem that revolves around all the criticism of pure reason. The aim of Kant’s philosophy is to experience his own “Copernican revolution,” which would mean a change of method: the transcendental method. Kant seeks to challenge the power of reason and understanding, as well as awareness of the limitations of his own philosophy, as metaphysics has access to the status of science.
Axial had just concluded that all knowledge
Read MoreUnderstanding Immanuel Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason
3. Text on Kant.
This text is a commentary on the Critique of Pure Reason, a work by the prestigious philosopher Immanuel Kant, published in Königsberg in April 1787.
Immanuel Kant, born in Königsberg in 1724, became, along with Hume, one of the most important philosophers of the 18th century, breaking new ground by determining thought and his later philosophy, notably in Germany. Kant had no other aim in his life than the study of human thought.
After studying at the university of his hometown,