Nietzsche on Reality, Art, and the Errors of Philosophy
**Nietzsche’s Philosophy: Embracing Reality Through Art**
For Nietzsche, reality is vital. Therefore, life becomes the object of his philosophy and the source from which arises all that is concrete and changing; that is real. If reality is pure *becoming*, it cannot be grasped by the concept, but by the metaphor, since this does not provide an unambiguous meaning (objectivity) but accepts the plurality and subjectivity of the same (perspective). Therefore, art, for Nietzsche, is the only appropriate
Read MoreKarl Marx’s Philosophical and Economic Influences
Philosophical and Economic Influences on Karl Marx
Hegel, Feuerbach, and the Hegelian Left
Marx’s philosophy draws heavily from Hegel’s idealism, particularly the concept of the dialectical process (thesis, antithesis, synthesis). However, Marx rejects Hegel’s notion of an Absolute Reason, asserting instead that reality is rooted in the material world and human experience. Feuerbach’s critique of Hegel, emphasizing the material basis of human existence and the concept of alienation, further influenced
Read MoreRationalism: Descartes, Spinoza, and Leibniz
Rationalism
Rationalism holds that the source and origin of knowledge is reason. It is knowledge that is valid and real, clear and distinct reason, and comes from no sense. The model of rational knowledge is the deductive system of mathematics, where all knowledge is inferred from first principles or ideas.
1. Descartes
In 1637, he published the Discourse on Method. In his address, he outlined his method (theory about how the pursuit of knowledge) and a first outline of philosophical knowledge that
Read MoreReal Rights: Classification, Types, and Legal Life
Classification of Real Rights
The most common doctrine separates real rights into:
- Provisional Real Rights: Possession.
- Definitive Real Rights, which are divided into:
- Absolute: Property.
- Limited, which are subdivided into:
- Of enjoyment: Usufruct, use and habitation, servitude, surface rights, and airspace rights.
- Of conducting a monetary value: Pledge, mortgage, and antichresis.
- Of first refusal: Retraction.
This classification is completed by adding a reference to rights over intangible assets: intellectual
Read MoreFaith and Reason in Medieval Philosophy: Key Insights
Faith and Reason in Medieval Philosophy
Understanding the Relationship Between Faith and Reason
The question of the relationship between faith and reason is the most important topic of discussion throughout the Middle Ages. There are four basic positions in this regard:
- The Augustinian tradition did not bother to mark boundaries between them. The Augustinians believed that faith and reason are intended to reveal truth.
- From the thirteenth century, some claimed the autonomy of reason against faith.
- In
Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason: Limits of Knowledge
Metaphysics and Science. Kant believed that for a trial to be considered scientific, it must meet two requisites: to increase our knowledge and to have necessary and universal validity. Its validity cannot come from experience, as this is changing and provides only probable generalizations. Thus, scientific judgments must be synthetic a priori, in which the predicate is not included in the subject of the sentence, as occurs in analytic judgments, and they provide hitherto unknown connections. This
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