Nietzsche’s Philosophy: Apparent World, Innocence of Becoming, and the Dionysian
Apparent World
This concept refers to Nietzsche’s division of reality into two worlds established by metaphysics and religion. A true world, on top, is reached by reason, objective and immutable, eternal, and that relates to the good and spiritual. In Plato, this would be the world of ideas; in Christianity, God; and in Kant, reality itself. The lower world is the apparent world, that of the senses, subjective, changing, a world of corruption, change, and death, which accounts for the poor and the
Read MoreKant’s Theory of Knowledge: A Summary
Kant’s Theory of Knowledge
Summary 1
Metaphysical and speculative knowledge is not based on experience; it does not apply to it. It has not been developed as a science. Metaphysics is based on reason and seeks out the a priori. Metaphysics has failed to become a science; it will never reach a definitive conclusion.
Summary 2
Kant asks whether metaphysics is possible as a science and why we have a natural tendency towards metaphysics when we get nothing from it. He concludes that if we change the way
Read MoreAristotelian Ethics and Politics: Natural and Divine Law
Ethics and Politics
Ethics and politics are framed within fundamental ethical concepts of Aristotelian influence. The ethics that should govern the lives of men have a natural basis, and in turn, this natural law is related to political law.
Ethics
Supported by several concepts proposed by Aristotle, including:
- Ethics is grounded in nature: Aristotle’s ethics is eudaimonic (considering human happiness the aim and object of ethical and political science). For Aristotle, happiness is consistent with the
Individual Rights and the Evolution of Constitutional Models
**Chapter 1: Models of Constitutionalism**
**The Historicist Model (John Locke)**
England is an emblematic and central place in the historicist perspective, particularly in optics. English constitutional history demonstrates how to smooth the transition from the medieval order to modern freedoms painlessly, regardless of a high, sovereign political power with concentrated authority capable of defining the areas of individual liberties. This is a significant model for the great European tradition of
Read MoreDivine Origin of Power: Theories and Thomas Aquinas’ Five Ways
Theories of the Divine Origin of Power
Theistic philosophers believe that sovereign power is ultimately given by God.
The meaning of this statement is as follows:
- a) Human beings can, with reason, understand that there is a God as a supreme being.
- b) God wants perfection and fulfillment of man as man, to reach the fullness needed to live in society. This means that society is something willed by God.
- c) For the proper functioning of society, there must be an authority. This means that the same God who
Philosophy and Modern Science: Key Concepts and History
Unit 1: The Philosophy
Origin
Greek thinkers gave way when the myth gave way to the logos, moving from mythological explanations to a rational explanation of reality, distancing themselves from nonacademic authorities and legendary traditions.
What is it?
Etymological definition: Philo-sophia, wanting to know. Philos = who wants; sophos = wise.
Classical definition: Science of first principles, and the reasons and causes of the last, and universal science (such as first principles and ultimate causes
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