Ernest Seeliger and Rafael Garofalo: Criminological Theories
Ernest Seeliger: Genesis of Crime and Criminological Types
Ernest Seeliger, a proponent of the Austrian School, offered a critique of Lombroso’s theories, asserting that the offender is not anthropologically uniform. He emphasized crime prevention and proposed the existence of major criminological types that are consistently observed in the criminal world, each with distinct characteristics. An individual may exhibit traits of a single type (pure type) or belong to multiple types, presenting a mix
Read MoreRené Descartes: A Revolutionary Thinker
René Descartes: The Father of Modern Philosophy
René Descartes was a French philosopher who is considered the father of modern philosophy. Educated in scholasticism, he initiated a new era in philosophy by applying a novel criterion of truth, replacing the previously dominant criterion of authority, and introducing a new method. His philosophy centers on three key aspects: the renewal of scholastic thought, the recovery of skeptical thought, the use of systematic doubt, and the application of mathematics
Read MorePlato’s Ethics, Virtue, and Political Philosophy
Ethics and Virtue Theory
Plato believed that the first and foremost need of philosophy is to help men become good and virtuous. This can only occur within the body politic, in the polis. He continually criticizes the Sophists for relativizing moral values and turning them into mere conventions, leaving the individual without a fixed and secure guide for action, at the mercy of immediate impulses. To be masters of our own lives and conduct, we need to act on the essence of virtue. Virtue is the capability
Read MoreOccupier’s Liability: Duty of Care to Entrants
**Occupier’s Liability**
Occupiers of premises owe a duty of care to people (known as ‘entrants’) who come onto those premises.
Hackshaw v Shaw [1984] High Court of Australia
A farmer, Shaw, caught a thief stealing gasoline from his property. He fired two warning shots at the car. Unfortunately, he shot the thief’s girlfriend (Hackshaw), who was crouching in the front seat below the level of the dashboard. It was accepted that Shaw hadn’t known that Hackshaw was in the car.
Did Shaw owe a
Read MoreRousseau’s Social Contract: Freedom and Equality in Society
Rousseau’s Philosophy: Freedom and Equality
Author: Rousseau participated in the cultural atmosphere of the Enlightenment and can be considered one of its most prominent representatives. However, his philosophy has important differences with the other Enlightenment philosophers. Enlightened society’s ideal result of rational progress to their peers who aspire. Rousseau was seen as a setback when setting up life in society. Social life is for man to develop their negative qualities against the natural
Read MoreUnderstanding Morality: Principles, Actions, and Human Nature
The Moral
Erich Fromm stated, “In the art of living, man is both the artist and the subject of his art.”
The Man Responsible for His Acts
A man who thinks in a given situation, makes a decision, and acts in accordance with it is the author of that action and has to answer for it.
Freedom
Freedom means the ability to decide and choose among several possible options so that concrete actions, carried out or not, conform to the customs and norms of their community.