Preformulation Studies: Physicochemical Properties and Stability
Preformulation: Physicochemical and Chemical Properties
Preformulation is the study of physical and chemical properties of a drug substance before developing it into a dosage form. It helps to understand drug behavior during formulation.
Goals and Objectives
- To develop a stable, safe, and effective dosage form.
- To determine physicochemical properties of the drug substance.
- To evaluate bioavailability, solubility, and stability parameters.
- To establish drug–excipient compatibility.
- To aid in selecting
Endoscope Cleaning, Disinfection & Sterilization
Endoscope Cleaning, Disinfection & Sterilization
WHO definition and initial care
WHO defined elimination as cleaning by scrubbing and washing with soap and hot water or detergent. Adequate apparatus (for example, d. ox.) must be used. To take care, devices should be carefully cleaned immediately after their use to avoid residues sticking; thorough cleaning improves subsequent disinfection.
Limpieza Manual
Limpieza manual: El personal debe usar medidas de protección personal para evitar riesgos
Read MoreEssential Concepts & Formulas in Physical Chemistry & Physics
Fundamental Principles & Equations in Science
Quantum Mechanics & Atomic Structure
Einstein’s Mass-Energy Equivalence
Binding Energy: E = mc² (Joules)
Magnetic Moment
μ = eh / (2m)
de Broglie Wavelength
λ = h / (mv)
Photon Energy & Frequency
Energy: E = hν
Frequency: ν = c / λ (Hertz)
Rydberg Formula (Wavenumber)
Wavenumber: ṽ = R_H (1/n₁² – 1/n₂²)
Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
The product of the uncertainty in a particle’s momentum (Δp) and its position (Δx) is greater than or
Comprehensive Medication Dosages: 100 Key Drugs
This comprehensive reference provides a list of 100 essential medications, their common dosages, and helpful memory tricks for easier learning and recall. The drugs are categorized for clarity, covering a wide range of therapeutic areas.
Part 1: Anesthetics, Cardiac, and Neurological Medications (Drugs 1-30)
- Xylocaine (Lidocaine) 2% solution, 2-4 mL IM/IV
- Prozerin (Neostigmine) 0.05% solution, 1 mL SC/IM
- Atropine Sulfate 0.05-0.1% solution, 1 mL SC/IM
- Platyphylline 0.2% solution, 1 mL SC
- Suxamethonium
Understanding Chemical Equilibrium: Constants, Principles, and Factors
Chemical Equilibrium: Constants and Principles
Kc = [C]c [D]d / [A] [B]b = Q (not express equilibrium concentrations) <kc reaction to right> left = reaction toward equilibrium system
Kp = Pcc Pdd / Paa Pbb (gas only)
Kx = Xcc Xdd / Xaa Xbb
Kp = Kc (RT)W
Kx = Kp · PW
Pparcial = X (n species / total n) · Pt
Degree of dissociation (alpha #) # = x (n-differentiated) / c (initial total n) | A-2B (n (1 – #) / 2n #), A-B + C (n (1 – #) / n # / n #), 2A-B + C (n (1 – #) / n # / 2 / n # / 2), 2A + B-2C
Read MoreCardiovascular and Neurological Conditions: A Review
Angina
Substernal pain caused by insufficient perfusion of the myocardium.
Angina Types
- Stable: Oxygen demand exceeds supply, usually brought on by physical exertion.
- Drug therapy: SL NTG, BB, or LA nitrate
- Variant: Oxygen supply decreases due to vasospasm, may occur at rest.
- Calcium channel blocker
- Unstable: Oxygen supply decreases as demand increases; secondary to atherosclerotic plaque rupture within the coronary artery.
- Combination e.g. CCB + BB
Drugs Used in Angina Pectoris
Vasodilators
Nitrates
Short,
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