Hormones: Endocrine Glands, Function, and Regulation
Endocrine Glands and Hormonal Regulation
In vertebrates, hormones regulate diverse activities such as growth, metabolic rate, nutrient utilization, and reproduction. They are crucial for regulating water balance and blood homeostasis, aiding the body in managing stress.
Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
The hypothalamus secretes hormones that regulate the anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis). These neurohormones travel through special capillaries and veins connecting the hypothalamus to the anterior
Read MoreUnderstanding Diabetes Mellitus: Definition and Classification
Diabetes Mellitus: Definition
Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders sharing the common feature of hyperglycaemia. Hyperglycaemia in diabetes results from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. The chronic hyperglycaemia and attendant metabolic dysregulation may be associated with secondary damage in multiple organ systems, especially the kidney, eyes, nerves, and blood vessels.
Classification of Diabetes Mellitus
Although all forms of diabetes mellitus share hyperglycaemia
Read MoreUnderstanding Diabetes Mellitus: Types, Diagnosis, and Pathogenesis
Understanding Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Chronic hyperglycemia is associated with long-term damage, dysfunction, and failure of various organs, especially the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart, and blood vessels.
Types of Diabetes Mellitus
- Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
- Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
- Other specific types of Diabetes
- Gestational Diabetes
- Glucose intolerance and impaired
Clinical Research: Trials, Phases, and Study Types
Clinical Research Fundamentals
1. Definition of Clinical Research: A branch of medical science focused on determining the safety and effectiveness of medications, devices, diagnostic products, nutritional interventions, behavioral changes, and treatment regimens intended for human use.
2. Phase I Clinical Trial Objective: To ensure the safety of a new medication in humans.
3. Phase III Clinical Trial Characteristics: Involves a population with the disease, typically larger than 300 participants, and
Read MoreDiabetes Management: Medications, Education, and Hypoglycemia
Other Diabetes Medications
Other diabetes drugs include short-acting secretagogues for postprandial hyperglycemia, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors to decrease and delay intestinal glucose absorption, PPAR agonists to reduce tissue resistance to insulin, and anti-obesity drugs.
Diabetes Education
Diabetes education is a teaching-learning process where patients gain knowledge, skills, and positive attitudes to promote healthy behaviors. This helps avoid acute complications, prevent or delay chronic complications,
Comprehensive Medical History and Clinical Research Insights
General Information / Demographics
Name, age, date of birth (DOB), gender/sex, marital status, religion, address, occupation, language, birthplace, schooling, blood type, race, contact information, emergency contact.
Chief Complaint
History of the chief complaint (when did it start/onset), location, evolution of symptoms, radiation, association, type of pain, intensity, medication, exacerbation (activities), if it’s the first time.
Family History / Family Diseases
Relevant medical information of first-
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