Geometry Fundamentals and Logic Principles
Chapter 1: Foundations of Geometry
1.1: Points, Lines, and Planes
- Collinear: Points on the same line.
- Coplanar: Points that lie in the same plane.
- Segment: A part of a line consisting of two endpoints and all points between them.
- Endpoint: A point at the end of a segment or the starting point of a ray.
- Ray: Part of a line that extends from one endpoint infinitely in one direction.
- Opposite rays: Two rays that have a common endpoint and form a line.
- Postulate: A statement that is accepted as true without
Engineering Investment Evaluation: Present, Future & Annual Worth
Present, Future & Annual Equivalent — Equal & Unequal Lives
1. Purpose of Investment Evaluation
Used to compare different engineering projects based on their economic worth.
Projects may have:
- Different lifetimes
- Different cash-flow patterns
- Different initial investments
Goal → Select the economically best alternative.
2. Interest Factors (Essential)
(These appear multiple times, so memorize.)
Let i = interest rate per period, n = number of periods.
(P/F, i, n)
Present worth of single future sum:
Geospatial Data Models and Coordinate Systems Explained
Geospatial Data Models and Acquisition
The Spaghetti Data Model lacks essential spatial relationships such as connectivity (chaining), adjacency (left/right), or containment (e.g., Polygon X within Polygon Y).
Elements of GIScience: Geospatial Data
Geospatial analysis relies on two primary data types:
- Vector Data: Represents discrete objects with distinct boundaries.
- Raster Data: Represents continuous fields where every location has a value.
Data Acquisition Methods
Data acquisition involves obtaining
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JULIOL 2018 A 1. A) par 1: a recent… B) par 3: the academics… 2. A)F acros moderns populations… B)F During the 1882… C)F the academics referred… 3. Harsh, hardship, Underpinnings, outlive 4. B,a,c.
JULIOL 2018 B 1. A)par 2: companies Whose… B) par 3: currently, there… 2. A)F 250 bottles… B)F “We found… C)F people in developing… 3.Concerning, Investigation, meet, pervasive 4. A,b,b.
JUNY 2018 A 1.A) par 3:“We have Demonised… B) par 5:There is still no… 2. A)F somewhere
Read MoreMathematical Functions: Definitions, Types, and Properties
Mathematical Functions: Core Concepts
Function: A rule or correspondence that associates each element $x$ of one set with one and only one element of a set $y$. It is a special relationship between elements of two sets.
Elements of a Function
- Domain: For a function $f: A \to B$, the domain corresponds to the first set ($A$).
- Codomain: The second set ($B$), which contains all possible values related to the elements of the domain.
- Image of a Function: The set of all output values obtained by applying the
Criminological Theories and Property Crime Prevention Strategies
Policy Evaluation and Decision Making
It is regrettable (e.g., concerning a program in a neighborhood or a law regarding gender violence) if the former is positive or, conversely, if one must reject the measure and propose alternatives to it.
5. Theories of Property Crime
Any theory of crime against property must be based on a hypothesis about the social dispersion of crime. There are two opposing versions:
The “Rotten Apples” Hypothesis
This theory suggests that a few individuals engage in antisocial