Essential Business Math Formulas & Concepts

Applied Business Mathematics Formulas


1. Polynomials, Exponents, and Roots

Exponent Rules:

  • am ⋅ an = am+n
  • (am)n = am⋅n
  • a-n = 1/an
  • am/an = am-n

Factoring Techniques:

  • Common Factor: ab + ac = a(b + c)
  • Difference of Squares: a2 – b2 = (a – b)(a + b)
  • Quadratic Factorization: ax2 + bx + c = (px + q)(rx + s)

Quadratic Formula:

x = (-b ± √(b2 – 4ac)) / 2a

Example: Solving Quadratic Equations

  • Solve x2 – 5x + 6 = 0
  • Using the quadratic formula:
    • x = (-(-5) ± √((-5)2 – 4(1)(6))) / 2(1)
    • x = (5 ± 1) / 2
    • Solutions: x
Read More

Foundational Statistical Concepts for Data Analysis

Types of Research Questions

  • Making an Estimate About the Population

    • What is the average number of hours that students study each week?
    • What proportion of all Singaporean students is enrolled in a university?
  • Testing a Claim About the Population

    • Does the majority of students qualify for student loans?
    • Is the average course load for a university student greater than 20 units?
  • Comparing Two Sub-Populations or Investigating a Relationship Between Two Variables in the Population

    • In University X, do female students
Read More

Industrial Process Engineering: Distillation, Roles, and Asset Depreciation

Distillation Column Design Principles

The FUG Method for Distillation Column Design

The FUG method (Fenske–Underwood–Gilliland) is a shortcut technique used to estimate the number of stages and reflux ratio in distillation column design. It’s a crucial tool for preliminary design.

Fenske Equation: Minimum Stages

The Fenske equation calculates the minimum number of theoretical stages at total reflux. This provides a theoretical lower bound for the number of stages required for a given separation.

Read More

Essential Math Foundations: Shapes, Space, Numbers

Quadrilaterals: Shapes & Properties

What is a Quadrilateral?

  • A quadrilateral is a four-sided polygon.

  • The interior angles of a quadrilateral add up to 360°.

Types of Quadrilaterals

TypeProperties
SquareAll sides equal, all angles 90°, opposite sides parallel
RectangleOpposite sides equal and parallel, all angles 90°
RhombusAll sides equal, opposite angles equal, diagonals bisect at right angles
ParallelogramOpposite sides equal and parallel, opposite angles equal
TrapeziumOne pair of opposite sides
Read More

Key Concepts in Accounting and Financial Management

T.1 Accounting

Therefore, we can define accounting as the science that makes known the qualitative and quantitative composition of the assets of a company while providing information for decision-making.

The identification process, measurement, and communication of economic information form judgments and enable informed decisions for stakeholders or users of this information.

The standard setters aim for the standardization of accounting systems to ensure that all companies use the same accounts, the

Read More

Understanding Variables in Research Methodology

Defining Variables in Research

A variable is any attribute, phenomenon, or characteristic that can assume different values among members of a class, subjects, or events. However, it holds a single value for any specific member of that class at a given point. A variable describes a unit of analysis and varies (in quality, order, or mode) across different units of analysis or at different times.

Examples:

  • Variables such as age (e.g., 15 years) and height (e.g., 170 cm) take numeric values.
  • Variables like
Read More