Understanding Variables in Research Methodology
Defining Variables in Research
A variable is any attribute, phenomenon, or characteristic that can assume different values among members of a class, subjects, or events. However, it holds a single value for any specific member of that class at a given point. A variable describes a unit of analysis and varies (in quality, order, or mode) across different units of analysis or at different times.
Examples:
- Variables such as age (e.g., 15 years) and height (e.g., 170 cm) take numeric values.
- Variables like
Global Climate Agreements & India’s Environmental Law
International Climate Change Measures
Several international agreements and initiatives aim to combat global climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions and promoting sustainable development. Key measures include:
UNFCCC (1992)
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change serves as the foundation for global climate action. It brought nations together to agree on tackling climate change through cooperation.
Kyoto Protocol (1997)
This treaty legally bound developed nations to reduce
Key Concepts in 3D Analytic Geometry
This document outlines fundamental procedures for solving common problems in three-dimensional analytic geometry.
1. Plane Perpendicular to Line Through Point
To find the equation of a plane perpendicular to a given line and passing through a given point:
- Take the direction vector of the line. This vector is the normal vector (A, B, C) of the plane.
- Substitute these values into the plane equation form: Ax + By + Cz + D = 0.
- Substitute the coordinates (x, y, z) of the given point into the equation to
Matrices and Determinants: Properties and Operations
1. Determinant of a Matrix: The determinant of a matrix is equal to the determinant of its transpose.
2. Zero Row or Column: If a square matrix has a row or column of zeros, its determinant is 0.
3. Swapping Parallel Lines: Swapping two rows or columns of a square matrix changes the sign of its determinant.
4. Identical Parallel Lines: If a square matrix has two identical rows or columns, its determinant is 0.
5. Multiplying a Row/Column: Multiplying all elements of a row or column of a square matrix
Read MoreMath Formulas: Percentages, Interest, Algebra, Geometry & Statistics
Percentages
% of whole amount: part of whole / whole amount
% increase or decrease: (New / original x 100) – 100
Find % of amount: A x % / 100
% profit/loss amount: profit or loss / cost price x 100
GST Example
(GST = Amount / 11)
The total amount already includes the GST. The GST is 10% of the total excluding GST.
If we divide the total excluding GST into 10 equal amounts then:
- one of these amounts is equal to the GST and
- 11 of these amounts gives us the total including GST
Amount / 11
Simple and Compound
Read MoreMap Scale and Distance Calculations: Practical Examples
Map Scale and Distance Calculations
On a map with a scale of 1:200,000, the distance between two points is 87 mm. Calculate the actual distance on the ground:
1 mm —-> 200,000 mm
87 mm —-> x
x = 87 * 200,000 = 17,400,000 mm = 17.4 km
Expressed as a fraction, a 5 cm scale is equivalent to 20 km:
5 cm —-> 20 km
5 cm —-> 2,000,000 cm
1 cm —-> 400,000 cm. Therefore, the RSL (Representative Scale) is 1:400,000
Expressed as a fraction of English units, one inch on the scale equals
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