EU Single Market: Free Movement of Goods & Taxation
The European Single Market
Creation and Goals: The European Single Market, established in 1993, is one of the EU’s greatest achievements. It creates a territory without internal borders or regulatory obstacles for the free movement of goods and services. The Single Market promotes competition, improves efficiency, raises product quality, and reduces prices, benefiting businesses and consumers alike. The estimated economic benefits are €985 billion annually.
Legal Basis and Historical Background
- Key
Public Administration & Municipal Governance: Key Concepts
1. Decentralization means the creation of administrative units that have personality, its own resources, and the capacity to administer. TRUE
2. Decentralization of service, as part of a limited geographical consideration, is based on a physical basis for demarcating areas, functions, and responsibilities. FALSE
3. Substantive functions are the resources or means that a state government uses to achieve its goals. FALSE
4. Without exception, states cannot hold loans. FALSE
5. Public finances are the
Read MoreUnderstanding Taxes in Spain: Income, VAT, and More
Understanding Taxes in Spain
Income Tax of Individuals (IRPF) is the best-known tax in Spain. From a technical standpoint, this is a personal and direct tax levied according to the principles of equality, universality, and progressiveness, on the income of individuals according to their personal and family circumstances. That is, this tax is imposed on every person (or household) and the earnings or income they receive. The purpose of income tax is to tax the income of each taxpayer, which includes
Read MoreJoint and Solidary Obligations, Pecuniary Obligations
Obligations
a) Joint Obligations
b) Solidarity (with multiple parties)
a) The Commonwealth reflects the idea of community among the subjects that integrate distinct parties, which is reflected in the joint ownership on both the assets and liabilities of the obligation.
The principle of unity of action states that only collective acts of debtors cause damage to the right of creditors. If there is a harmful performance by a single debtor, the duty to compensate will fall on them, becoming a partial obligation.
Read MoreUnderstanding the Tourist Entrepreneur in Commercial Law
Tourist Entrepreneur in Commercial Law
1. General Concept of Entrepreneur in Commercial Law
Commercial entrepreneur:
- Economic approach: Any person who runs a business, makes the main decisions concerning that economic organization, and, with the hope of profit, takes on financial risks associated with the activity.
- Legal approach:
- Natural (sole trader) or legal (companies) person
- Who, acting on his own behalf, develops a professional activity (organization and regularity).
Natural (Sole Trader) or Legal
Read MoreUnderstanding Compulsory Contributions: Taxes, Fees, and Special Contributions
Compulsory Contributions: An Overview
Compulsory contributions, a legal concept, are a source of public revenue. They consist of economic payments required by a Public Administration (PA) when specific conditions are met, as established by an act of parliament. The primary aim is to obtain resources to finance public expenditure.
Apart from financing public expenditure, compulsory contributions could serve as an instrument of general economic policy and meet the accomplishment of principles and aims
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