Police Models and the Justice System: Impact on Crime Control
Police Models: Traditional, Professional, and Proximity
Traditional Model
Refers to a kind of police force that is closely linked to power. Their main concern is order, not law. It is characterized by:
- A high level of discretion, i.e., they decide when to act without being subject to the law.
- Arrests are made for various reasons, not always to bring the person to justice, but as punishment, to get details, etc.
This policing style prevailed in the Franco era in Spain and is quite similar to the model
Read MoreCitizenship: A Historical Perspective from Ancient Times
Item 11: The Philosophical Construction of Citizenship
Concept of Citizenship
Citizenship is a relationship between an individual and a political community through which this individual is considered a full member of that community. Individuals have rights and duties only by their status as citizens; citizenship is restricted to members of the State. Citizenship is understood as active participation in public life; the citizen is defined as the subject of legal rights. Both aspects of the concept
Read MoreSpain’s Political System: Institutions and Legislative Process
Chapter 6: The Political System of Spain
Major Institutions
2. The Current Constitution
The current Constitution of 1978 echoes the liberal principle of separation of powers, separating organically holders of executive, legislative, and judiciary, and establishing relationships and control mechanisms and subject of some over others. Besides these constitutional bodies, the Constitution provides others like the Ombudsman or the Court of Auditors.
2.1. The Parliament
In the Spanish political tradition,
Read MoreReligion, Law, and Calendar in Ancient Rome
Religion in Ancient Rome
The Pietas
The Romans granted great importance to religion in both private and public life.
Practical Sense
The Romans had an eminently pragmatic sense of religion.
Formalism
The quasi-contractual approach to religion is manifested in a formalistic and scrupulous practice of the rites and formulas: always precise gestures and words.
Conservatism
In religion, as in other facets of their mindset, the Romans were deeply conservative, especially the working classes.
Openness
By practicing
Read MorePublic Expenditure: Classification, Phases, and Contracting
Classification of Public Expenditures at the UN
General Administration
- General Services: Defense costs, justice, and police expenses.
- Common Services: Costs of roads, water supply, sanitation, and fire services.
- Other Services
Social Services
- Education
- Health
- Social Security
- Other Social Services
Economic Services
- Agriculture and Mineral Resources
- Fuel and Energy
- Mineral Resources, Construction, and Manufacturing Industries
- Economic Expenses
Other Services Not Classifiable
Phases of Public Spending
- Authorization:
Understanding Law, Government, and Democracy in Uruguay
Understanding Law, Government, and Democracy
To live in society, humans need to regulate their lives according to rules. These precepts of conduct provide sanctions for failure to comply. Among these rules are different kinds: legal, religious, moral, and social. Law is a rule that has the following characteristics: it is bilateral, implying obligations and rights; it is externally imposed; and it is heteronomous. Law is classified as public, private, effective, natural, and positive.