Negotiable Instruments Act: Key Cases and Amendments
Promissory Note
Ponnuswami Chettiar v. P. Vellaimuthu Chettiar
Lachmi Chand v. Madanlal Khemka
Baba was a holder, not a trustee.
Singheshwar Mandal v. Gita Devi
Not made endorsee – daughter.
Nunna Gopalan v. Vuppuluri Lakshminarasamma
Promissory note not taken back – Section 118 presumption to apply.
Liability of the Banker (Section 31)
Having sufficient funds of the drawer.
Canara Bank Ltd. v. I.V. Rajagopal
Job receiving 600 pm.
London Joint Stock Bank, Ltd. v. Macmillan
Facilitated forger.
Negotiable Instruments
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NGOs: Key Actors in International Environmental Law
The importance of non-state organizations is becoming increasingly significant. Their significance lies in both the implementation and the development of environmental standards. It was at the Stockholm Conference of 1972 that the possibility of involving representatives of civil society in this matter was first opened. Participation increased further at the Rio Summit of 1992, allowing a significant number of NGOs to participate in international
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Constitutional Norms
Constitutional norms represent each rule contained in the Federal Constitution, the supreme law of the regulatory system. These rules do not admit violations of rules below, on pain of being deemed unconstitutional and removed from the system. Some constitutional provisions are so important and comprehensive that they convert to general principles of law, i.e., parameters that guide the development and application of other rules.
The Constitution provides two essential functions:
Read MoreSpanish Constitution: Key Principles and Rights
Higher Values of the Legal System
The higher values of the Spanish legal system are freedom, justice, equality, and political pluralism.
Sanction of the Constitution
The Spanish Constitution was sanctioned on December 27, 1978.
Role of the Armed Forces
The Armed Forces must ensure the sovereignty and independence of Spain, defending its territorial integrity and legal order. They are made up of the Army, Navy, and Air Force.
Preventive Detention
Preventive detention cannot last longer than the time strictly
Read MoreUnderstanding the Spanish Legal Framework: Key Components
The Spanish Legal System
The Spanish legal system is based on the need for general rules that facilitate coexistence in society.
Legislative Branch
The legislature, executed by general courts consisting of the Senate and Congress, is responsible for drafting and passing laws.
Executive Branch
The executive branch is formed by the government, which in turn consists of the president, vice president, ministers, and other members established by law. Its function is law enforcement.
Judicial Branch
The judiciary
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The Right to Vote and Liabilities
The Right to Vote: Concept and Nature
“Suffrage is a public right granted by the legislature” (Art. 23.1 CE)
The vote is not a duty but a right. It is not a natural right, and you need the state apparatus behind it to promote the conditions necessary for individuals to vote and exercise their right to vote.
It is a public and not private law, as is general. Although the act of voting is private for each one, the results cover the public sphere because the results make
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