18th Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan: A Shift to Parliamentary Democracy

Posted by on May 1, 2024 in Law & Jurisprudence | 0 comments

18th Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan

Overview

The 18th Amendment, passed in April 2010, marked a significant shift in Pakistan’s political landscape. It aimed to curtail the President’s powers, transforming the country from a semi-presidential to a parliamentary republic. Additionally, it renamed the North-West Frontier Province to Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.

Key Changes

I. Constitutional Amendments

  1. Removal of references to former President Zia-ul-Haq from the Constitution.
  2. Renaming of North-West Frontier
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Bail in Criminal Law

Posted by on May 1, 2024 in Law & Jurisprudence | 0 comments

Bail

The concept of bail is not new. The basic philosophy behind bail is that an accused person should be released from the custody of law enforcement into the custody of sureties. This is an interim order that the court can withdraw at any stage according to circumstances.

Relevant Provisions

Sections 496, 497, and 498 of the Criminal Procedure Code (Cr.P.C) are relevant provisions.

Meaning of Bail

Bail refers to the security that a court requires for the release of an accused person. It is essentially
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The Principle of Equality in Law Enforcement: A Constitutional Court Doctrine

Posted by on May 1, 2024 in Law & Jurisprudence | 0 comments

The Principle of Equality in Law Enforcement

Constitutional Court Doctrine

The Constitutional Court’s doctrine on the principle of equality in law enforcement, protected by Article 14 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) and connected with the principle of prohibition of arbitrariness of public powers enshrined in Article 9.3 of the Spanish Constitution, establishes that the same judge or court cannot change the direction of its previous decisions in essentially identical cases unless:

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Glossary of Land Revenue Terms in Pakistan

Posted by on May 1, 2024 in Law & Jurisprudence | 0 comments

Glossary of Land Revenue Terms

Definitions and Explanations

Agricultural Year

The agricultural year in Pakistan begins on July 1st or another date determined by the Board of Revenue with government approval. This date is relevant for calculating land revenue arrears.

Arrears of Land Revenue

Arrears refer to land revenue payments that remain unpaid after the due date.

Assessment Circle

An assessment circle is a group of estates with similar characteristics that allow for a common set of rates to be used

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Understanding Negligence in Law

Posted by on May 1, 2024 in Law & Jurisprudence | 0 comments

Introduction:

Negligence is a breach of the legal duty to take care, demonstrating carelessness in situations where the law mandates carefulness. It involves a mental state of indifference towards one’s actions and their consequences. When a duty of care exists, individuals are obligated to exercise reasonable care under the given circumstances.

Definition of Negligence:

Various legal experts have defined negligence, including:

  • Salmond: “Negligence is the state of mind of under indifference towards
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Robbery vs. Dacoity: Understanding the Differences and Punishments

Posted by on May 1, 2024 in Law & Jurisprudence | 0 comments

Distinguishing Between Robbery and Dacoity: Legal Definitions and Punishments

Introduction

Robbery and dacoity are distinct criminal offenses involving theft with additional elements of violence or intimidation. While both are serious crimes, they differ in terms of the number of perpetrators involved and the severity of the punishment.

Relevant Legal Provisions

Sections 390 to 395 of the Pakistan Penal Code (PPC) address the offenses of robbery and dacoity.

Robbery (Section 390 PPC)

Robbery involves

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