Usufruct, Surface Rights, and Security Interests in Spanish Civil Law
ITEM 14: Usufruct
Legal 57. Régimen of Repairs and Improvements to the Usufruct
Repairs
Ordinary repairs: These are required due to damage from the natural use of things and are essential for their conservation (e.g., changing light bulbs, maintaining heating). The usufructuary is obligated to make ordinary repairs (500 CCi) but is not liable for damage resulting from normal use that cannot be avoided by such repairs (481 CCi).
Extraordinary repairs: These do not arise from natural use but do not put
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Introduction to Company Liquidation
Real Rights in the Spanish Civil Code
Article 1280 of the Spanish Civil Code and Real Rights over Immovable Property
Article 1280 of the Spanish Civil Code (CCi) states that acts and contracts aimed at the transmission of real rights over immovable property shall be included in public documents. This raises the question of whether a contract not granted in writing can still transfer ownership.
If the contract is in writing and the transmitter holds the property, tradition (delivery) will occur in accordance with Article 1462.2 CCi, fulfilling
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Understanding Company Structures: Public vs. Private
Definition of Public Company
Definition of Private Company
Public vs. Private Companies: Key Differences and Legal Structures
Public vs. Private Companies: Key Differences
The term “company” has evolved significantly over time. In today’s world, a company is an association of individuals formed for a common purpose. Companies can be broadly categorized as either public or private, each with distinct characteristics.
Definition of Public Company
A public company is one that is not a private company. It must have at least seven members and seven directors.
Definition of Private Company
A private company restricts the transfer
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Although the European Convention does not explicitly protect cultural rights as such, the Court, through a dynamic interpretation of the different Articles of the Convention, has gradually recognized substantive rights which may be termed “cultural rights” in a broad sense.
Right to Artistic Expression
The Court has underlined the importance of artistic expression in the context of the right to freedom of expression (Article 10 of the Convention). Generally, it has applied a high level of protection
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