Understanding Preliminary Questions in Private International Law
Plea
Introduction
The “preliminary question” is a recent concept in legal studies, emerging in the 1930s within German doctrine. It is a relatively rare occurrence in legal practice, particularly in matters of succession. The concept arises when the application of legal rules, specifically in Private International Law, presents unique challenges.
The preliminary question emerges when a case involves multiple, interconnected Private International Law issues. In such instances, resolving one issue
Read MoreGuide to Company Registration and Labor Regulations in Spain
Registration of Companies
A. Documents Required
- Registration form in triplicate
- Where the employer is a natural person, they must attach their Tax ID, passport, or other document replacing it. If a legal person, a photocopy of the memorandum and legal NIF is required.
- Representative’s documentation
- Accidents Policy concretized with the INSS or a mutual insurance company.
- High in the Tax on Economic Activity (IAE) in Social Security
- Workers’ registrations
B. Contribution Account Code
The Social Security
Read MoreSpecial Contract Work in Paraguay: A Comprehensive Guide
Special Contract Work (I)
Learning Contract
The Learning Contract in Paraguay’s Labor Code allows a worker (apprentice) to provide services to an employer in exchange for practical training in a profession, trade, or occupation. This contract includes a paid wage, typically for a specified duration.
This contract type is relevant for industries requiring skilled labor that may not be fully developed through traditional vocational training. It recognizes the importance of hands-on experience in a factory
Read MoreUnderstanding Criminal Offenses of Lower Offensive Potential in Brazilian Law
Article 61
Are considered criminal offenses of lower offensive potential, for the purposes of this Act, misdemeanors and criminal the crimes to which the law imputes maximum penalty not exceeding two (2) years, combined with or without fine. (Writing by Law No. 11,313, 2006)
Law 8.137/90
Article 5 of the same nature is a crime:
- require exclusivity of advertising, transmitting or distribution of advertising material, to the detriment of competition;
- to condition the sale of goods or service utilization
A Guide to Brazilian Criminal Offenses of Lower Offensive Potential
Article 61
Are considered criminal offenses of lower offensive potential, for the purposes of this Act, misdemeanors and criminal the crimes to which the law imputes maximum penalty not exceeding two (2) years, combined with or without fine. (Writing by Law No. 11 313, 2006)
Law 8.137/90 Article 5
Of the same nature is a crime:
- require exclusivity of advertising, transmitting or distribution of advertising material, to the detriment of competition;
- to condition the sale of goods or service utilization
European Single Act: Worker Safety and Health Regulations
European Single Act: Protecting Worker Health and Safety
Objective
The fundamental objective of the European Single Act is the protection of workers’ health and safety. This includes improving the working environment and harmonizing progress in this area across member states.
Consultative Committee for Security Functions
- Exchange of views and experience on existing or proposed regulations.
- Report areas needing new knowledge, training, and research to the Commission.
- Inform national authorities, trade