Persons Liable to Pay and Entitled to Enforce
Lesson 7: Persons Liable to Pay and Entitled to Enforce
2. Persons Liable and Entitled
The debtor, or solvens, is solely obligated to pay, either directly or through a representative. Voluntary representation requires the debtor’s authorization (Art. 1713).
Payment by a third party is permissible, even if not obligated, provided the third party is entitled to pay (Arts. 1158 & 1159).
In strictly personal obligations, only the debtor is authorized to pay (Art. 1161).
a) Payment by the Debtor
Capacity
Read MoreThree Pure Types of Legitimate Domination: A Sociological Analysis
Three Pure Types of Legitimate Domination
Basis of Legitimacy
There are three pure types of legitimate domination, each with a distinct basis for its legitimacy:
- Rational-legal authority: Rests on the belief in the legality of enacted rules and the right of those elevated to authority under such rules to issue commands.
- Traditional authority: Rests on the belief in the sanctity of immemorial traditions and the legitimacy of the status of those exercising authority under them.
- Charismatic authority: Rests
Crime and Punishment: A Historical Perspective
Section 1: Crime and Punishment
Crime
The public authority that governs society determines the foundations for coexistence and prohibits acts that endanger it. The number and types of prohibited acts depend on the specific historical moment. An act can be inconsequential at one time and acquire great significance in another. The importance of criminal law is inversely proportional to the development of society. Criminal laws prevail over civil laws when society is weak, such as among primitive peoples
Read MoreEmployee Rights: Procedure for Disagreement with Employer Decisions
Procedure for Disagreement with Employer Decisions
If an employee disagrees with a decision made by their employer or social security, they can take the matter to the social courts within the specified deadline. The following procedure should be followed:
1. Submit an Application for Conciliation
Before going to court, it’s mandatory to submit a request for conciliation through the Mediation, Arbitration, and Conciliation Service (SMAC). This involves filling out a form with details about the company,
Read MoreForms of State: Absolutist, Totalitarian, and Rule of Law
Main Forms of State
Historical Forms of State
State Authority
State authority can be unlimited, subject to no control, and recognize no other body to exercise its critique. This monopoly of authority manifests in the inability of citizens to exercise any political activity or participate in matters of state. There is also no independent judiciary with respect to government bodies and their interests, leaving the individual defenseless against abuse of state power.
Types of State Authority
- Absolutist
Income Tax Exemptions in Venezuela
Income Tax in Venezuela
Income Tax: A tax paid to the Venezuelan state (through the SENIAT) on profits earned in the fiscal year.
Exemptions
Exemptions: Consist of the total or partial waiver of compliance with the tax liability, granted by law. Beneficiaries are obliged to inform the Tax Administration for proper audit and control.
Article 14 LISLR: Entities Exempt from Tax
- Venezuelan public entities, the Central Bank of Venezuela, and the Investment Fund of Venezuela.
- Other autonomous institutes determined