Comprehensive National Defense Law of Venezuela
Chapter II
Comprehensive Defense of the Nation
Size of the overall defense of the Nation
Rule 15.
The Comprehensive Defense of the Nation covers the territory and other geographical spaces of the Republic, citizens, and foreigners who are in it. Also referred to are Venezuelans and assets outside of the nation belonging to the Republic.
Competition between public authorities
Article 16.
In terms of security, defense, and development, it is considered essential to ensure the definition and comprehensive
Read MoreSources & Interpretation of Criminal Law
Sources of Criminal Law
Direct and Indirect Sources
It is crucial to distinguish between primary sources (directly creating rights) and indirect sources (referenced through another rule).
The Law
As the sole direct source creating criminal matters, law is mandated by the rule of law. Only law can define crimes, offenses, penalties, and security measures. Law provides a general, systematic framework. In criminal cases, the prevailing view is that laws concerning crimes, misdemeanors, penalties, and
Read MorePolitical Organization and State Theories
Is Human Life Possible Without a State?
Social Contract Theories
Social contract theories base state legitimacy on an agreement where citizens cede power to an authority. Thomas Hobbes explored the concept of the state of nature, a hypothetical scenario without rules or laws where the strongest prevail. He described it as a “war of all against all,” where life is “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short.” Hobbes believed that to escape this state, individuals must enter a social contract, surrendering
Read MoreGuide to Checks: Types, Payment, and Non-Payment Procedures
Special Cases of Bills
General Rules
- Bills to one consignee may include various operations and shall be evidenced in each detail (Art. 3.1.c).
- Bills may include all operations for the same recipient in a period of one calendar month or less (Art. 2.3.).
- If the customer placed an advance, it must appear on the bill (Art. 3.2.).
- In retail sales, passenger transport, hospitality, and recreational activities, if the amount is less than 10€, the developer may simply include VAT (Art. 4).
Expedition (Art.
Read MoreCompetition Law in Spain: Ideal vs. Real Crime & Apparent Contest
Lesson 13: The Competition Law
Article 25 of the Spanish Constitution
This article refers to the imposition of administrative and criminal law sanctions. The principle of “ne bis in idem” operates both between different legal areas and within domestic criminal law. This principle ensures that the same aggravating factor or element cannot be used to punish twice. For example, if the aggravating circumstance of cruelty has already been applied in a criminal case, it cannot be re-applied as a general
Read MoreJudicial Independence and Accountability in the Spanish Constitution
Judicial Independence and Accountability
Submission of the Judge to the Constitution and the Legal System
Judges interpret laws under the Constitution and in accordance with Constitutional Court interpretations. The Constitutional Court’s role is to ensure laws comply with the Constitution. Judgments from the Constitutional Court are binding.
Judicial Independence
Judicial independence is crucial for judges and guarantees citizen rights. The executive branch (government), which pays judges, poses
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