Electoral Proclamation Challenges and Taking Office
Electoral Proclamation Challenges
The complaints and protests are a necessary procedural action to access the electoral dispute. The purpose of this resource is outlined in art. 109 LOREG, which allows for judicial review based solely on the acts by which the Electoral Board proclaims elected officials, and acts of the City Councils and County Councils declared by their respective Presidents.
During the litigation, the review cannot be extended. Therefore, a general review of the Electoral Administration’
Read MorePublic Charges and Economic Freedom: A Constitutional Analysis
Article 19 N° 20: Equality Before Public Charges
It refers to any charge or requirement unilaterally imposed by the state on individuals for the general interest of society, affecting either their property, taxes, or freedom. This definition distinguishes two types of public charges: those affecting property (real public charges) and those affecting personal freedom. Examples of real public charges include taxes, contributions, and fees. These may involve monetary compensation from the State, while
Read MoreJustifications in Criminal Law: Self-Defense, Necessity, Duty
Justifications in Criminal Law
Article 20 (4, 5, 7) of the Criminal Code (CP) addresses justifications. Justifications are special situations in which an unlawful act is committed, but there is no rule that allows or requires it. For example, killing in self-defense is allowed. These are included in Section 20 (4, 5, 7), although that provision, in other sections, also lists defenses and causes of insanity. We clarify that justifications eliminate illegality. Causes of criminal responsibility eliminate
Read MoreJustinian’s Code and Roman Law: A Historical Overview
Justinian and His Legislative Work
The Corpus Iuris Civilis is absolutely one of the crowning works of the human spirit. At the time of Justinian’s rise to power, the central idea was to restore the ancient unity and greatness of the empire through arms, religion, and law. To conduct a legal compilation completed in such a short space of time, he had a man named Tribonian. The collection consists of a code of laws and an institutional manual.
- Volume I contains the Institutions
- Volume II contains the
Classical and Positivist Criminology: Theories and Impacts
Classical Criminology and the Positivist Revolution
Classical Criminology Theory
Classical criminology theory can be summarized as follows:
- All individuals may commit crimes.
- There is a consensus on protecting private property and personal welfare.
- Individuals hold a contract with the state to preserve peace.
- Penalties should be used as a deterrent.
- Penalties should be proportional to the interests violated.
- Each person is responsible for their actions, and all are equal before the law.
Classical theory
Read MoreBusiness Entities: Types and Legal Structures
Types of Companies and Their Legal Forms
Individual Business
Sole Proprietorship: A sole proprietorship is a business owned and run by one person, where there is no legal distinction between the owner and the business entity. A sole trader is an individual who engages in a trade, business, or profession. The owner must be of legal age and have full availability of their assets. There is no required minimum capital. The business name must be the holder’s name. Profits are taxed as personal income.
Private
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