Liberalism, Socialism, and Modern Democratic Thought
Liberalism
Liberalism was born in England in the 18th century as an opposition to tyrannical powers. It argued that the fundamental right is freedom. The most important theorists of this doctrine were Locke and Montesquieu. Locke established that the individual has three basic inalienable rights: the right to life, the right to liberty, and property rights. From this approach, the following consequences are derived:
- The exclusive function of the state is to protect citizens’ rights. The state is not
Insanity Defense in Indian Law: Ratanlal v. State of Madhya Pradesh
Ratanlal v. State of Madhya Pradesh (1968)
The case of Ratanlal v. State of Madhya Pradesh (1968) revolves around the mental state of the accused at the time of committing an offense and the implications of that state on his criminal liability.
Case Background
- Incident Date: The incident occurred on January 22, 1965, when Ratanlal was accused of setting fire to grass in a Khalyan (a type of storage shed) belonging to another person.
- Arrest and Custody: Ratanlal was arrested on January 23, 1965, and
Legal and Tax Systems: Principles and Functions
Legal Definition and Norms
Right definition: A set of rules of law regulating the life of man in society.
Legal norm: It is a prescription by which an authority, empowered to regulate, intends to maintain coexistence among men. It is backed by the sanction of the established exercise of force.
Tax Law: Resolves constitutional issues that are difficult to change.
Characteristics of Legal Norms
- Bilateral: In front of a rule-obligated party, there is another power to demand compliance.
- Heteronomous: The
Mexican Foreign Trade Act: Regulations and Practices
Title I: General Provisions
Chapter One
Article 1. This Act is to regulate and promote foreign trade, increase the competitiveness of the national economy, promote the efficient use of productive resources of the country, properly integrate the Mexican economy into the international economy, defend the production plant from unfair international trade practices, and contribute to raising the welfare of the population.
Article 2. The provisions of this Act are mandatory and applicable throughout the
Read MoreLegal Recourses and Victim Protection in Criminal Proceedings
Measures to Protect Victims: Purpose and Classes
The court can take measures such as the prohibition of residence, movement, and communication in proceedings for crimes of homicide, abortion, injuries, torture, crimes against freedom, against moral integrity, sexual freedom, against the right to privacy, to honor, heritage, and socio-economic benefits. These measures are based on a prima facie case (circumstantial complaint), not on the existence of a periculum in mora (risk of delay), but on the
Read MoreKey Labor Law Principles in Venezuela: A Comprehensive Analysis
Protectoria Principle or Protecting Workers
Article 8 of the Regulations of the Labor Law outlines the fundamental principles of labor law. These are expressed as follows:
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Protectoria Principle or Protecting Workers: This article contains three essential principles designed to protect and safeguard the welfare of workers:
- Rule of the More Favorable Standard or Favor Principle: When there is reasonable doubt in the application of two or more rules, the one most favorable to the worker will be applied