Satire and Morality in 18th-Century Art and Literature: A Visual Journey with William Hogarth
Stage Art
Literature from the 18th and 19th Centuries
Literature from this era was often moralizing, aiming to teach lessons, a characteristic typical of the Enlightenment. Literature was believed to have two components: utile et dulce (useful and sweet), as Horace suggested. It becomes “dulce” through the use of illustrations.
Literature of this time often presented two opposing examples: the good (God) and the bad (Devil). For instance, Thackeray’s “Vanity Fair” exemplifies this. Novels were often
Read More15th Century Spanish Literature: Crisis and Transformation
Pre-Renaissance (15th Century)
The Crisis of the Fifteenth Century
Medieval structures in the world are staggering. The social organization becomes more complex, and the system begins to break from the bourgeoisie. Theocentrism yields to other visions of the universe, such as anthropocentrism, and there is a profound religious crisis. Politically, there was general instability, with kings facing problems with Jews and converts. Literature reflects this chaotic scene.
The New Models: Italian Influence
Read MoreSpanish Literature: Modernism, Generation of ’98, and the Novecento Movement
Spanish Literature: Modernism, Generation of ’98, and the Novecento
Ruben Dario (1867-1916)
The Nicaraguan poet, Ruben Dario, is considered the quintessential modernist poet, thanks to his book “Azul” (1888). This book, containing nine stories and several poems, exhibits exquisite stylistic rigor and a mysterious, dreamlike atmosphere. In “Profane Prose” (1896), Dario attempts to capture total harmony through poetry. His later work, “Songs of Life and Hope, Cinemas and Other Poems” (1905), expresses
Read MoreAnalysis of Act 1, Scene 1 of Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar
Act I Scene (i)
A. 1.
Read the following extracts and answer the questions that follow:
Hence! Home, you idle creatures, get you home! Is this a holiday? What, know you not, Being mechanical, you ought not walk Upon a labouring day without the sign Of your profession? Speak, what trade art thou?
Why, sir, a carpenter.
Where is thy leather apron and thy rule?
What dost thou with thy best apparel on?
You, sir, what trade are you?
Meanings:
- Mechanical – artisans or professionals.
- Labouring – working day.
- Sign
Roman Historiography: From Republic to Empire
ITEM 8: HISTORIOGRAPHY
The Roman people, with their rich and complex history, have left a legacy for future generations through the works of various historians. These historians, with their diverse approaches and perspectives, offer a multifaceted understanding of Roman society and its intricacies. This exploration delves into two main groups of Roman historians: those of the Republican era and those of the Empire.
Historians of the Republican Era
Analysts
The earliest Roman historians, known as analysts,
Read MoreSpanish Poetry (1939-1970): From War to Renewal
ITEM 9: THE SPANISH POETRY FROM 1939 TO 1970
The Impact of War and Exile (1939-1944)
When the Spanish Civil War erupted, literature, particularly poetry, was flourishing. This period, often referred to as a second Golden Age, saw established authors from the Generations of ’98 and ’14 alongside the prominent Generation of ’27. A new generation, later known as the Generation of ’36, was also emerging.
Initially, the war transformed poetry into an “urgent art” characterized by exalted tones and epic-
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