Human Digestive System: MCQs and Questions
5 Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)
1. The main site of absorption of digested food is:
b) Small intestine
2. The enzyme present in saliva is:
b) Amylase
3. Bile is poured into:
b) Small intestine
4. The correct sequence of the digestive system is:
a) Mouth → Oesophagus → Stomach → Small intestine → Large intestine → Anus
5. The function of villi is to:
b) Absorb digested food
5 Short Answer Questions (2 marks each)
1. Name the enzyme in gastric juice and its function.
Pepsin; it digests proteins into
Metabolic Pathways: Urea Cycle, Beta-Oxidation, and TCA Cycle
Role of the Urea Cycle in Nitrogen Removal
The urea cycle is a series of biochemical reactions that removes excess nitrogen from the body by converting it into urea. Urea is then excreted in the urine.
How the Urea Cycle Works
- Ammonia is created from amino acids.
- The liver’s mitochondria convert ammonia into urea.
- Urea enters the bloodstream.
- The kidneys filter urea out of the blood.
- Urea is removed from the body in urine.
Why the Urea Cycle is Important
- The urea cycle is the main way the body removes excess
Nutrition Essentials: Metabolism, Planning, and Health
Key Definitions in Nutrition
Understanding fundamental terms is crucial for grasping the principles of nutrition and metabolism.
Metabolism Explained
Metabolism is the set of biochemical reactions and physicochemical processes that occur within a cell and throughout an organism, essential for maintaining life.
Basal Metabolism Defined
Basal metabolism is the sum of the activities of all body cells. It represents the amount of energy a person needs to maintain essential life functions while at rest.
Understanding
Read MoreFood Allergies & Intolerances: Causes, Symptoms, and Management
Understanding Food Allergies
General Features of Food Allergens
- Proteins or low molecular weight glycoproteins
- Water-soluble
- Resistant to heat, denaturation, degradation by proteases, or acidification
- Molecular weight generally <70 kDa
Modifications due to chemical processes or food processing (ultrafiltration, high temperature, irradiation) can generate new antigenic sites or reduce digestibility.
Common Food Allergens
- In Children: Egg, fish, milk, peanuts, and soybeans
- In Adults: Fish, tree nuts, peanuts,
Proteins: Structure, Sources, and Vital Functions
Understanding Proteins: Functions and Classification
Key Protein Functions
- Fatty Acid Synthesis: Enzymes catalyze the synthesis of fatty acids.
- Reserve Proteins: Egg white ovalbumin serves as a reserve protein.
- Transport: Hemoglobin transports oxygen in the blood.
- Hormonal Regulation: The hormone insulin regulates glucose metabolism.
Major Dietary Protein Sources
- Cereals: (e.g., rice, oats, corn, wheat)
- Legumes: (e.g., beans, lentils, soybeans, peas)
- Dairy: (e.g., milk, cheese, yogurt)
- Nuts and Seeds: (e.
Understanding Healthy Diets and Essential Nutrients
Diets
The amount and type of food a person consumes daily is called diet or alimentary pattern. For a diet to be healthy, it should be balanced, provide the required energy, structural and functional nutrients in the appropriate ratio. It is necessary to diversify foods. “It’s advisable to make several meals a day.” It is necessary to cook food and avoid unduly refined items. Unsaturated fats should be included in an appropriate proportion, and consumption of foods high in saturated fat and cholesterol
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