The Cold War: A Global Confrontation
The Beginning of the Cold War
Political, economic, and ideological differences between the United States and the Soviet Union escalated rapidly after World War II, making a breakdown in relations almost inevitable. While the Yalta Conference (February 1945) saw Stalin, Roosevelt, and Churchill agreeing on a postwar framework, the Potsdam Conference (July/August 1945) exposed the growing suspicion and mutual mistrust between Stalin, Truman, and Atlee.
The collapse of the wartime alliance and the subsequent
Read MoreA Brief History of Europe and the Americas: From the Congress of Vienna to World War II
The Congress of Vienna and its Aftermath
Q&A
1. Which year did the Vienna Congress start?
October 1, 1814
2. Which year did the Vienna Congress end?
June 9, 1815
3. What was the name of the French representative at the Vienna Congress?
Foreign Minister Talleyrand as well as the Minister Plenipotentiary, the Duke of Dalberg
4. What was the name of the British representative at the Vienna Congress?
Great Britain was represented first by its Foreign Secretary, Viscount Castlereagh; then by the Duke of Wellington,
Read MoreThe Rise of Workers’ Movements and Basque Nationalism in Spain (1890-1923)
Workers’ Movement and Nationalism in the Basque Country (1890-1923)
New Social Forces
The Beginnings of the Workers’ Movement in Spain
The characteristics of the workers’ movement during the 19th century were:
- Workers’ associations
- Attacks against machines
- Problems increased with industrialization
- Strikes became frequent
- Creation of the first workers’ newspaper
- The crashed workers’ associations’ activities
In 1860, there were 150,000 workers in Spain. In 1839, the government published a decree
Read MoreThe Rise of Standard English and the Royal Chancery
The Rise of London Standard English and the Royal Chancery
The Rise of London Standard English
Out of the varieties of local dialects, a written language emerged toward the end of the 14th century and gained general recognition in the 15th century. The East Midland district contributed the most to the formation of this standard. Several causes contributed to its rise as the dialect of London, the metropolis.
Some characteristics of the East Midlands dialects are:
- OE / OE /eo/ became /o/, a half-close
European Exploration and Colonization of the Americas in the 15th and 16th Centuries
European Knowledge in the 15th Century
Europeans had limited geographical knowledge in the 15th century, primarily focused on territories around the Mediterranean and Black Seas. They were aware of the existence of India, Japan, and China, but their understanding of these regions was limited.
The Importance of Trade and Voyages of Discovery
Trade played a crucial role in driving voyages of discovery at the end of the 15th century. The Silk Road, which linked Constantinople to China, had been a vital
Read MoreThe Rise of Standard English and Pronoun Changes in Middle English
The Rise of London Standard English and the Royal Chancery
The Rise of London Standard English
Out of the varieties of local dialects, there emerged toward the end of the 14th century a written language that won general recognition in the 15th century. The part of England that contributed the most to the formation of this standard was the East Midland district. Several causes contributed to the attainment of it becoming the dialect of the metropolis, London. Some characteristics of the East Midlands
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