A Brief History of Europe and the Americas: From the Congress of Vienna to World War II
The Congress of Vienna and its Aftermath
Q&A
1. Which year did the Vienna Congress start?
October 1, 1814
2. Which year did the Vienna Congress end?
June 9, 1815
3. What was the name of the French representative at the Vienna Congress?
Foreign Minister Talleyrand as well as the Minister Plenipotentiary, the Duke of Dalberg
4. What was the name of the British representative at the Vienna Congress?
Great Britain was represented first by its Foreign Secretary, Viscount Castlereagh; then by the Duke of Wellington, after Castlereagh’s return to England in February 1815. In the last weeks, it was headed by the Earl of Clancarty, after Wellington left to face Napoleon during the Hundred Days.
5. What was the name of the Prussian representative at the Vienna Congress?
Prussia was represented by Prince Karl August von Hardenberg, the Chancellor, and the diplomat and scholar Wilhelm von Humboldt.
6. What was the name of the Tsar’s Polish advisor during the Vienna Congress?
Alexander I
7. What was the name of the Austrian foreign minister who organized the Vienna Congress?
Prince Metternich
8. Who was ruling Russia while the Vienna Congress took place?
Alexander I the Blessed
9. Who was ruling Austria while the Vienna Congress took place?
Francis I
10. Who was ruling Prussia while the Vienna Congress took place?
King Frederick William the Third from 1797-1840
11. Which states formed the so-called ‘Great Four’ during the Vienna Congress?
Great Britain, Austria, Russia, and Prussia
12. Which state joined the ‘Great Four’ of the Vienna Congress in January 1815?
France
13. Which German state did Prussia want to annex during the Congress of Vienna?
Saxony, Westphalia, and the Rhine Province
14. Which state did Alexander I of Russia want to re-establish during the Vienna Congress?
Kingdom of Poland
15. Name the 3 main ideas on which the Vienna Congress was based.
To decide the fate of France; To establish a new “balance of power”; To prevent further political revolutions.
Other aims included: To abandon slavery; To draw a new political map for Europe; To restore old European Monarchies.
16. What is legitimism?
Legitimism is a hereditary right of a royal individual whose claim to the throne is based on direct descent.
17. What is the balance of power?
Roughly equal distribution of power among world states so that no one nation threatens the sovereignty of another.
18. What is the Concert of Powers?
The Concert of Powers represents the “balance of power” which was established at the Vienna Congress and lasted until the outbreak of the First World War.
19. What is restoration?
Restoration refers to the European Restoration, the efforts made during and after the Vienna Congress to return Europe to its state before the French Revolution.
20. Vienna Congress Final Act: How big was the part of Saxony that Prussia gained?
Prussia gained 40 percent of Saxony.
21. Vienna Congress Final Act: What happened with the Duchy of Warsaw?
Russia received most of the Duchy of Warsaw as an informally called “Congress Poland” with the Tsar independently ruling it.
22. Vienna Congress Final Act: What was formed in Germany?
The German Confederation of 38 states was created from the former 360 provinces of the Holy Roman Empire under the presidency of the Austrian Emperor.
23. Vienna Congress Final Act: In which city was the German Parliament (Bundestag) located?
This question is incomplete.
24. Vienna Congress Final Act: Which two Italian countries did Austria gain?
Venetia, Lombardy, Milan, Illyrian Provinces
25. Who invented the Holy Alliance idea?
Czar Alexander the First of Russia
26. What was the Holy Alliance?
The Holy Alliance was an agreement among the emperors of Russia, Austria, and Prussia negotiated on September 26, 1815. It was a product of the Christian religious zeal of Czar Alexander the First in order to resettle the political and social order and promote a peaceful community among Christian nations.
27. Which dynasty came back to the French throne after the fall of Napoleon?
Louis the Eighteenth from the Bourbon Dynasty
28. Which state came into existence after separating from Turkey in 1821-1829?
Greece achieved its independence after a revolution against the Ottoman Empire.
29. What was the name of the revolution that overthrew Charles X in France?
The Second French Revolution, or July Revolution, took place in 1830.
30. Who succeeded Charles X in France?
Louis Philippe I
31. Which year did the February Revolution take place in France?
1848
32. In 1830, the Revolution changed the political system in France. What kind of monarchy was introduced to replace the absolute monarchy?
Constitutional monarchy
33. Which state separated from the Netherlands in 1830?
Belgium
34. An uprising in which state made Russian intervention in Belgium in 1830 impossible?
Poland
35. Which two European Powers supported Belgian independence in 1830?
The United Kingdom and Prussia
36. In which Italian states did uprisings inspired by [unclear, needs context]…?
In Naples and in the north of Italy
37. In which Italian state did an uprising inspired by [unclear, needs context]…?
Papal States and Modena
38. Who [unclear, needs context]…?
The Carbonari were groups of secret revolutionary societies founded in early 19th-century Italy.
39. What was the name of the leader of Young Italy?
Giuseppe Mazzini
40. What was the name of the Austrian politician, a symbol of reaction, who led the Austrian government until 1848?
Ferdinand I
41. Which Power was especially interested in the fragmentation of Italy?
This question is incomplete.
42. What was the Spring of Nations?
The Spring of Nations was a series of political upheavals throughout Europe in 1848.
43. When did the Spring of Nations take place?
In 1848
44. What political system was introduced in France after the July Revolution?
Constitutional monarchy
45. Who became the Austrian emperor as a result of the Spring of Nations?
Franz Joseph I of Austria
46. Which European Power intervened in Austria during the Spring of Nations?
This question is incomplete.
47. Explain the idea of a “small Germany.”
The idea of a “small Germany” was to unify only the northern German states and did not include Austria.
48. Explain the idea of a “great Germany.”
The idea of a “great Germany” was to unify all German-speaking peoples under one state.
49. What was the name of the lands that Austria and Prussia fought for in 1866?
German states
50. Where did the decisive battle of the Austro-Prussian war of 1866 take place?
In Sadowa
51. The ruler of which German state was chosen as the German Emperor in 1849?
This question is incomplete.
52. Which state was an ally of Prussia during the Austro-Prussian War of 1866?
Italy
53. After being defeated in the war against Prussia in 1866, Austria was transformed into a dualistic state. What was the name of this state?
This question is incomplete.
54. Which Italian state united Italy and established the Kingdom of Italy?
Kingdom of Sardinia
55. What was the name of the Italian politician who is recognized as the father of a united Italy?
Victor Emmanuel II
56. What was the name of the Italian revolutionist who attached Naples and Sicily to the Kingdom of Italy?
Giuseppe Garibaldi
57. Which Italian state was incorporated into the Kingdom of Italy last?
Rome
58. Who was the first king of Italy?
Victor Emmanuel II
59. Which European state helped Piedmont to defeat Austria?
France
60. What was the name of the French ruler who sustained Italy before the acquisition of Rome?
Napoléon Bonaparte
61. What was the name of the Prussian prime minister recognized as the one who united Germany?
Otto von Bismarck
62. Which state won the Franco-Prussian War of 1870?
Prussia
63. Where did the decisive battle of the Franco-Prussian war of 1870 take place?
Sedan, France
64. Where was the establishment of the German Empire announced?
Palace of Versailles
65. As a result of the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, the Second French Empire fell. What was the name of the new French state established afterward?
Third Republic
66. The ruler of which German state became the head of a united Germany in 1871?
Otto von Bismarck
67. What was the title of the German Empire ruler?
Chancellor
68. Who was the highest and most important officer of the German Empire? (name of the office, not the person)
This question is incomplete.
69. Who became the first Chancellor of Germany?
Otto von Bismarck
70. What was Otto von Bismarck’s nickname?
Iron Chancellor
71. Who became the first German Emperor?
William I
Colonialism and the Americas
Q&A
72. Which two European states had the largest colonial empires in Latin America?
Spain and Portugal
73. Who were Creoles?
People born in the colonies of largely or totally Spanish descent.
74. What was the name of the South American [unclear, needs context]…?
Simón Bolívar
75. What was the name of the South American [unclear, needs context]…?
José de San Martín
76. What was the name of the state formed by Venezuela, New Granada, Panama, and Ecuador?
Republic of New Granada
77. Which European state supported Latin American fights for independence?
This question is incomplete.
78. What was the name of the Portuguese king who announced the establishment of the Kingdom of Brazil?
Prince Regent John of Portugal
79. Who became the first emperor of Brazil?
Pedro I of Brazil
80. The Spanish Empire in Latin America was divided into 4 Viceroyalties. What were their names?
Viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata, New Granada, New Spain, and Peru
81. Which year was the Monroe Doctrine announced?
1823
82. Who announced the Monroe Doctrine?
James Monroe
83. What was the main issue of the Monroe Doctrine?
The Monroe Doctrine was a U.S. foreign policy regarding the domination of the American continent in 1823. It stated that further efforts by European nations to colonize land or interfere with states in North or South America would be viewed as acts of aggression, requiring U.S. intervention.
84. What were the names of two historical territories in the USA with different attitudes toward slavery?
This question is incomplete.
85. What was the name of the American president whose election started the American Civil War?
Abraham Lincoln
86. What was the name of the party Abraham Lincoln was a member of?
Republican Party
87. What was the name of the state formed in the southern part of the USA in 1861?
Confederate States of America
88. Who was the president of the Confederate States of America?
Jefferson Davis
89. Which American state was the first to announce its secession from the USA in December 1860?
South Carolina
90. The attack on which fort started fights between North and South in 1861?
The Battle of Fort Sumter
91. Which party won the American Civil War?
The Union won the war.
92. In which state did the South [unclear, needs context] its ships during the American Civil War?
This question is incomplete.
93. Why did Great Britain decide to support the North in the American Civil War?
Britain was almost neutral throughout the Civil War; indeed, it was in favor of the Confederacy.
94. In which Latin American state did European Powers carry out an intervention in the 1860s, taking advantage of the fact that there was a war between the North and South?
Mexico
95. What was the name of the Mexican Emperor that gained his throne thanks to European intervention in the 1860s?
Maximilian, the Archduke of Austria
96. Which European state was the most interested in intervening in Mexico in the 1860s?
France
97. Why did Great Britain decide to establish the Dominion of Canada?
This question is incomplete.
98. What was the name of the French-speaking part of Canada?
Quebec
99. Who were the Fenians?
An Irish Catholic group who hoped to free Ireland from British rule. After the end of the American Civil War, Fenians formed a small unit to raid the British in Canada.
100. Which party of the American Civil War supported Canadians?
This question is incomplete.
The Road to World War I
Q&A
101. Which states formed the Three Emperors’ Alliance?
The Kaiser of the German and Austria-Hungary empires and the Tsar of the Russian Empire from 1873-1887 in order to keep the peaceful balance of power in Europe, especially in Eastern Europe. The alliance was initiated by Otto von Bismarck.
102. Which two states had the largest colonial empires in Africa?
Britain and France
103. Whose private property was the Congo?
Leopold the Second of Belgium
104. In which European city did the conference that divided Africa take place in 1884/1885?
Berlin, Germany
105. What was the name of the international agreement signed by Great Britain and France in 1904?
Entente Cordiale
106. With which state did Great Britain form an alliance in 1902, which ended her policy of splendid isolation?
Japan
107. When did the Russo-Japanese War take place?
Between February 1904 and September 1905
108. Which European state supported French colonial policy until the 1890s?
United Kingdom
109. Which states formed the Triple Alliance?
German Empire, Austria-Hungary, and Italy
110. Which states formed the Triple Entente?
British Empire, French Third Republic, and the Russian Empire
111. Which two states, members of the Triple Entente, were bound by an alliance?
Russia and France entered an alliance in 1894.
112. Which territory in Africa should be controlled by Britain under the cordial agreement [unclear, needs context]…?
Egypt
113. Which territory in Africa should be controlled by France under the cordial agreement [unclear, needs context]…?
Morocco
114. Which year did Russia and Britain sign an agreement that ended their ‘Great Game’ in Central Asia?
In 1907, the Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907
115. Which part of Persia was recognized as the Russian sphere of influence under the Russo-British Agreement of 1907?
The northern part of Persia was under Russian influence.
116. Which part of Persia was recognized as the British sphere of influence under the Russo-British Agreement of 1907?
The southeast part was under British influence.
117. Which country was known as the ‘pearl in the British crown’?
This question is incomplete.
118. Which American president received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1906?
Theodore Roosevelt for successfully ending the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905
119. Germany, wanting to break the British-French agreement of 1904, decided to manifest that she recognized one of the North African states as independent. What was the name of this state?
Morocco (First Moroccan Crisis)
120. Which states had spheres of influence in China?
Britain, France, Germany, the United States, Russia, and Japan
121. Which American Secretary of State appealed for the ‘open door’ in China?
John Hay
122. Which German Emperor caused a shift in Germany’s policy towards Britain, Russia, and France in the 1890s?
Kaiser Wilhelm the Second
World War I and its Aftermath
Q&A
123. What was the name of the Habsburg family member whose murder started a crisis leading to the First World War?
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
124. What was the name of the terrorist who killed Archduke Franz Ferdinand?
Gavrilo Princip
125. Which European state did Austria-Hungary blame for the death of Franz Ferdinand?
Serbia
126. Which state defended Serbia?
Russia
127. The violation of the neutrality of which European state convinced Britain to join the war against Germany?
Belgium
128. What was the name of the German military plan according to which France should be attacked before Russia?
Schlieffen Plan
129. What was the name of the cablegram that resulted in America joining the First World War in 1917?
Zimmerman Telegram
130. In which state was there a coup d’état that led to a political shift that changed the situation on the Eastern Front of the First World War?
Russia
131. Which member of the Triple Alliance decided to join the war and fight with France, Britain, and Russia against Austria-Hungary and Germany?
Italy
132. Which year did the USA join the First World War?
On December 7, 1917
133. When did the First World War take place?
July 28, 1914
134. What was the exact date of the signing of the truce ending the First World War?
November 11, 1918
135. Where was the truce ending the First World War signed?
At a railroad carriage in Compiegne
136. Which state was entirely blamed for the outbreak of the First World War?
Germany
137. In which city did the peace conference that ended with the signing of the Versailles Treaty take place?
Paris
138. What new states were established in East-Central Europe after the First World War?
Poland, Yugoslavia, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia
139. Which states fought against each other in the war that ended by signing the Treaty of Riga in 1921?
The Soviet Union and Poland
140. Which party won the Polish-Bolshevik war of 1918-1921?
Poland
141. What is the popular name for Germany after the First World War until Hitler’s coming to power?
Weimar Republic
142. In which European state was the political system based on fascism established first?
Italy
143. What is authoritarianism?
A form of political regime in which a government ruler is an absolute dictator.
144. What is totalitarianism?
A form of political regime in which the government controls every aspect of public and private behavior, including the way individuals think, believe, and behave.
145. Name all European totalitarian states that existed in the period between the wars.
The Fascist state of Italy under dictator Benito Mussolini (1922-1945); Nazi Germany under Adolf Hitler (1933-1945); the Communist Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin (1924-1953)
The Interwar Period and the Rise of Totalitarianism
Q&A
146. Which international conference led to the reduction of European and Japanese navies?
Washington Naval Conference
147. When did the Washington Conference take place?
From November 1921 until February 1922
148. The Versailles Treaty established the first global international organization. What was the name of this organization?
The League of Nations
149. Which Western Power did not join the League of Nations?
United States
150. Which Western Power did not ratify the Versailles Treaty?
United States
151. Which states formed the ‘Big Three’ during the Paris Peace Conference of 1919?
Britain, the United States, and France
152. What were the names of the politicians that formed the ‘Big Three’ during the Paris Peace Conference of 1919?
Woodrow Wilson (US), David Lloyd George (Britain), Robert Clemenceau (France)
153. What was the name of the proclamation announced during the First World War that gave Jews the right to form an independent Jewish state in Palestine?
Balfour Declaration
154. What was the name of the British Foreign Secretary who announced during the First World War that Jews had the right to form an independent state in Palestine?
Arthur James Balfour
155. Which great Power was the most important creditor of European Powers after the First World War?
United States of America
156. With which state did the Weimar Republic cooperate in secrecy to omit the obligations put on her by the Versailles Treaty?
Soviet Union
157. What was the name of the man who invented fascism?
Benito Mussolini
158. Which year did Benito Mussolini take power in Italy?
On October 31, 1922, he became Prime Minister.
159. Which year did Adolf Hitler take power in Germany?
In January 1933, he became Chancellor – the head of the German Government.
160. Which year did the Locarno Conference take place?
October 5-16, 1925
161. Which year did the Rapallo Conference take place?
November 5, 1917
162. What was the Anti-Comintern Pact?
The Anti-Comintern Pact was an anti-communist pact concluded by Nazi Germany and the Empire of Japan on November 25, 1936. It was directed against the Third (Communist) International.
163. Which states signed the Anti-Comintern Pact?
Nazi Germany and the Empire of Japan
164. Which states were members of the Axis before the Second World War?
Germany, Italy, and Japan
165. What was the name of the policy of concessions applied by Western Powers towards Nazi Germany?
Appeasement
166. What was the [unclear, needs context]…?
“Anschluss” was a Nazi propaganda term to invade and annex Austria into Nazi Germany in March 1938.
167. Which state controlled the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia?
They were Czech protectorates of Nazi Germany.
168. When was the Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact signed? (month and year)
August 1939; it lasted until the German invasion of Eastern Poland on June 22, 1941.
169. In the 1920s, an economic crisis broke out that spread over most of the world. What was the name of this crisis?
The Great Depression
170. Which states did Joachim von Ribbentrop and Vyacheslav Molotov represent?
Germany and the Soviet Union
World War II
Q&A
171. When did the Second World War in Europe start?
September 1, 1939, to September 2, 1945
172. When did Japan attack Pearl Harbor?
December 7, 1941
173. What was the name of the American president who held office during most of the Second World War?
Roosevelt
174. What was the status of Gdansk under the Versailles Treaty?
It was the Free City of Danzig.
175. In defense of which state did Britain and France announce war against Germany in September 1939?
Poland
176. Who was the leader of the Soviet Union during the Second World War?
Stalin
177. What was the name of the British politician who opposed the appeasement policy and later became prime minister?
Churchill
178. Which state used a nuclear weapon during the Second World War?
United States of America
179. Against which state was the nuclear weapon used?
Japan
180. What was the name of the German plan for the attack on the USSR in 1941?
Operation Barbarossa
181. In which state in the 1930s was there a civil war which is recognized as a prelude to the Second World War due to foreign involvement in this conflict?
Spanish Civil War of 1936-1939
182. What was the name of the nationalist leader during the civil war in Spain in the 1930s?
Francisco Franco
183. What was the ‘final solution’?
The Final Solution was a policy to resolve the “Jewish Question,” ordered by Hitler to physically exterminate the Jewish population throughout Europe wherever German rule was in force.
Treaties and Agreements
Q&A
184. What resolutions concerning German borders were contained in the Locarno Treaty of 1925?
Germany renounced using military force to change its western borders. Regarding its eastern borders, it could change them only through arbitration.
185. What was the most important result of the Rapallo Pact of 1922?
Both Germany and Russia agreed to cancel their financial claims and strengthen their economic and military relationships.
186. Which states signed the Rapallo Treaty of 1922?
Germany and Russia signed the Rapallo Treaty.
187. Which states signed the Locarno Treaty of 1925?
Britain, Belgium, France, Italy, Germany
188. What was the main assumption of the Briand-Kellogg Pact, which 29 states joined in 1929?
Not to use war to solve any kind of disputes and conflicts, and to resolve any conflicts peacefully.
189. In 1926 and 1927, the creators of the Locarno Treaty received the Nobel Peace Prize. What were their names?
In 1925, Sir Austen Chamberlain with Charles Dawes received the prize.
In 1926, Aristide Briand and Gustav Stresemann received the prize.
Note:
This document has been edited for clarity and consistency. Some questions remain incomplete and require further context or information.