Islamic Theory, Expansion, and Art in Al-Andalus
I. ISLAM: ITS THEORY AND EXPANSION
General Principles
The Muslim religion was founded in the seventh century AD, preached by Muhammad. Muhammad’s new religion encompasses the beliefs of different religions.
The fundamental doctrine is stated in the Koran, given by Muhammad. The year 622 is key for Muslims, as Muhammad moved from Mecca to Medina. AH is the year of the Hijra, the year 0 for Muslims. After Muhammad, the political and religious leader was a caliph.
Fundamental Precepts
- Profession of faith:
The Second Spanish Republic: Constitution, Reforms, and Political Instability
The Second Spanish Republic
The Constitution of 1931 and the Reformist Biennium
The new republican regime was greeted with hope and enthusiasm. The Republic was proclaimed, and a provisional government, chaired by Niceto Alcalá Zamora, was formed. Cacique networks were dismantled, and the old parties disappeared.
Political Forces
a) Fascist Groups:
- JONS: Founded on the model of Italian Fascism.
- Spanish Falange: Created by Primo de Rivera, this right-wing party had little support among the working classes.
The Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera and the Rise of the Second Spanish Republic
The Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera (1923-1930)
Causes of the Coup
Several factors explain why a military dictatorship began to be viewed as a solution to the crisis in Spain by the gentry, much of the middle classes, and the Army:
- Discontent in the army after the Disaster of Annual and the desire to avoid the consequences of the Picasso dossier for some important generals, including General Berenguer.
- Rise of peripheral nationalisms and the rise of Republicans and the labor movement.
- The triumph of
The Great Powers and the Road to World War I
Great Britain
The great liberal monarchy of Britain was forged in the Victorian era, corresponding to the long reign of Queen Victoria. During this period, Britain was the most powerful, developed, and prosperous country, exerting the greatest influence globally. As the leading European power, its political system was based on the alternation of two major parties: the Tories (Conservatives) and the Whigs (Liberals). The Whigs later gave way to the Labour Party, which transformed the political landscape
Read MoreThe Second Spanish Republic (1931-1939)
I. INSTAURACIÓ N OF THE SECOND RPCA and the Provisional Government
After the fall of Primo, Alfonso attempted the transition to constitutional monarchy. In this context, rpcanos, Catalan of izdas and PSOE signed the Pact of San Sebastian to overthrow the monarchy, the municipal elections of April 12 became a plebiscite and the triumph of the Republicans in large cities led to the abdication Alfonso XIII.
• a provisional government then arises, concentration, reflection of the Covenant, led
The Iberian Kingdoms in the 11th and 12th Centuries
ITEM 5:
Castilla y León in the centuries XI-XII.
– The Hispanic Monarchy: from Alfonso VI to the imperial idea of Alfonso VII.
– The conquest of Toledo and the presence Almoravid.
– Civil War and urban riots.
– The Imperium of Alfonso VII.
– The independence of Portugal.
– The Hispanic Monarchy
Fernando I, first Castilian monarch, died in 1065 and in his will divided his dominions between his descendants: Sancho II became King of Castile, Alfonso VI of León, García rule in Galicia and their
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