Primo de Rivera’s Dictatorship (1923-1930): Rise and Fall
Primo de Rivera:
The world is conditioned by consecuncias of the First World War. The German Republic was powerless to the conditions he has imposed the Treaty of Versailles. Clemenceau’s France is facing protests. The UK knows first-moderate Labor government in history in 1924 when opening a stage characterized by distention good economy, the Plan and the Treaty of Dames Lacarno. (Happy 20’s) On September 12, 1923 takes place a coup carried out by Primo de Rivera who tries to end politca lack of
Franco Regime: Ideology, Society, and Institutions
Franco Regime: Ideological, Social, and Institutional Foundations
On April 1, 1939, the Spanish Civil War ended with the victory of the Nationalist faction, ushering in a new era for Spain’s political, economic, and social development. Francisco Franco, the leader of the Nationalist side, aimed to eradicate all remnants of the existing republican society. Historians often refer to this period as the Franco regime or Francoist Spain, recognizing the highly personalized nature of Franco’s dictatorship.
Read MoreRise of the Soviet Union: From Treaty to Collectivization
The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
One of the new regime’s priorities was signing a peace treaty. In December 1917, they concluded a separate armistice with the Central Powers. On March 3, 1918, they signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, which imposed harsh conditions on Russia. Russia renounced the Baltic states, recognized the independence of Poland, Finland, Ukraine, and the Caucasian countries, and ceded Bessarabia to Romania in the Armenian and Turkish case.
The Establishment of the Soviet Socialist State
Following
Read MoreThe Francoist Dictatorship (1959-1975): Social, Political, and Economic Aspects
Political Aspects
In the 1950s, the Franco regime initiated a policy shift, particularly after 1957 when Opus Dei technocrats were appointed as government ministers. These individuals would exert significant influence on Spain in the 1970s. However, this change did not alter the dictatorial and undemocratic nature of the regime itself, but rather its economic policy, which abandoned autarky.
The main features of the Franco regime (1959-1975) were:
- A government of Opus Dei technocrats: The aim was to
History of the Iberian Peninsula: From Hominids to the Enlightenment
1. The Iberian Peninsula: From Prehistory to the Roman Empire
1.1 The Process of Hominization in the Iberian Peninsula: New Findings
The hominization process began in Africa. From there, 1.5 million years ago, Homo ergaster (“working man”) spread through East Africa, Asia, and Europe. In Gran Dolina in the Sierra de Atapuerca (Burgos), the oldest fossils in Europe (800,000 years ago) were found in 1994. These included skulls and jawbones of six individuals—two adults and four children—representing
Read MoreThe Second Spanish Republic: From Reform to Rupture (1931-1936)
The Fall of the Monarchy and the Birth of the Second Republic
Primo de Rivera’s Downfall
Primo de Rivera’s hostility towards Catalan autonomy and his favoritism towards the Church in university education sparked widespread social unrest. Lacking clear support, the dictator resigned on January 28, 1930, and went into exile, dying in Paris two months later. King Alfonso XIII then tasked General Dámaso Berenguer with forming a new government.
The Pact of San Sebastián and the Rise of Republicanism
In
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