Spain’s Tumultuous 19th Century: Absolutism, Liberalism, and Revolution
Spain’s Tumultuous 19th Century: Absolutism vs. Liberalism
Ferdinand VII and the 1812 Constitution
While Ferdinand VII was imprisoned in France, the Spanish people drafted the Constitution of 1812, limiting the king’s power and ending the Old Regime. However, this constitution divided Spain. Absolutists, the Church, and much of the populace opposed it, creating a rift between liberals and absolutists.
Ferdinand’s Return and the Manifesto of the Persians
Upon his release in 1814, Ferdinand VII arrived
Read MoreThe Fall of Tsarist Russia and the Rise of the USSR
Item 8: The Sinking of the Russian Revolution
1. The Tsarist Regime
1.1 The Situation in Russia Before the Revolution
The socio-economic analysis reflects an essentially rural and archaic economic activity with very low agricultural productivity. Russia was a backward, uncompetitive country, outside the changes occurring elsewhere in Europe. The failure in the Crimean War exposed this reality and the need for measures to modernize the country without abrupt changes. The most important decision was
Read MoreThe Political Transition of Juan Carlos I: A New Era for Spain
The Political Transition of Juan Carlos I
We are facing a primary source of political nature. It is a fragment of discourse that Juan Carlos de Borbón delivered upon taking the Head of State. These are moments of anxiety and hope in the country, as he was elected as the successor to the Head of State by General Franco. Although the choice was made in 1969, it came after the death of Franco. Juan Carlos, son of Juan de Borbón, the legitimate successor of the dynastic rights of the Spanish royal
Read MoreSpanish Civil War: A Concise History
The Spanish Civil War
The Military Uprising
The rebellion began after the right’s defeat. The Popular Front government, led by Azaña, resumed land reform, granted amnesty to prisoners, and restored Basque, Catalan, and Galician autonomy. On July 17, an uprising began in Morocco. On July 18, Casares Quiroga resigned after refusing to give weapons to leftist parties and unions. On July 19, a new government under José Giral distributed the weapons. The uprising’s partial failure divided the country
Read MoreRise of Italian Fascism and German Weimar Republic
– Rise of Fascism in Italy
Benito Mussolini led the radical wing of the Italian Socialist Party and was the editor of Il Popolo d’Italia. An ultranationalist, he broke with the Socialist Party due to his opposition to World War I. In 1919, he founded the Italian Fasci of Combat in Milan, ultranationalist paramilitary groups known as Blackshirts. They had varied origins and advocated nationalist claims and a revolutionary socialist program.
Until 1920, the fascist movement was minor, but the prestige
Read MorePost-WWII World Order and Globalization
The New World Order
After the Second World War, the world was divided into two main blocks: the U.S. and the USSR. In 1991, the Club of Rome issued a report entitled The First Global Revolution, outlining the characteristics of the new world order, including strong urban growth, population explosion, awakening of minorities, interdependence of nations, expansion of international markets led by the U.S., European Union, and Japan, uneven economic growth, environmental changes, advances in high technologies,
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