Decolonization and the Rise of the Third World: A Historical Overview
Seeds of Independence: The Determining Factors
The Second World War exposed the vulnerabilities of the major colonial powers: Britain, France, and the Netherlands. The Allies’ promotion of freedom and democracy against the Nazis fueled independence movements in colonized nations, who sought the application of these principles to themselves. The values championed by anti-fascism were fundamentally at odds with colonialism. In this context, the Socialist International Congress in Paris advocated for
Read MoreClauses, Coordination, and Ellipsis in English Grammar
Subordination, Coordination, and Ellipsis
Recognizing Dependent Clauses
- The fact is that the community needs them (finite subject predicative).
- While he was gone, a nurse…doorway (finite adverbial).
- Billy didn’t even know whether he was alive (finite direct object).
- Did she say anything about what happened (finite prepositional complement)?
- Richard Wood…Dr Grant that such…halted (finite direct object).
- Our goal is to make their voices heard (non-finite subject predicative).
- To make…worse, the
Islamic Expansion and Medieval Transitions
Western Schism (1378-1417)
It’s the period in Catholic Church history with three disputing Popes.
Byzantine Empire (8th-11th Century)
The Empire faced internal crises, religious disputes over iconoclasm, and a period of resurgence under the Macedonian dynasty. Despite political instability, Byzantine civilization flourished.
Islamic Expansion
The Muslim expansion was rapid and persistent. Conquered peoples paid taxes but weren’t forced to convert. The Islamic State offered stability but faced internal
Read MoreSpain’s Second Republic: Reforms and Challenges
1. The Provisional Government (1931 Constitution)
On April 14, 1931, the Republic was officially proclaimed in Spain, leading to Alfonso XIII’s exile. A provisional government, led by Niceto Alcalá-Zamora, was formed based on the Pact of San Sebastian’s agenda. Constituent Cortes, elected by universal male suffrage, were convened to draft a new constitution.
Political parties during this period reflected European ideologies:
- Left: CNT syndicalists, PCE, PSOE (largest), and Republican Left.
- Center:
Spanish Civil War: A Summary of its Development and Key Events
The Spanish Civil War: A Summary
The Genesis of the Conflict
The army conspiracy that led to the Spanish Civil War was a long and complex process. Almost from the beginning of the Republic, it faced conspiracies within the army. In 1936, the Popular Front won the election and immediately accelerated the implementation of its planned reforms. This alienated the economic oligarchies, who turned to fascism and the army in a bid to regain power through a coup.
The Outbreak of War
On July 17, 1936, an incident
Spain’s Tumultuous Six Years: 1868-1874
The Provisional Government of Serrano and Prim
The Provisional Government initially faced the issue of duality of power between the ruling government and the Boards. While the Boards’ program was more radical, both agreed on universal suffrage, freedom of the press, freedom of trade, and some social demands. In early October, the Provisional Government was formed, headed by Serrano with Prim as second. The government began implementing democratic reforms:
- Tax reform: Creation of the peseta, new mining