Liberalism, Nationalism, and Revolutions (1789-1870)
French Revolution (1789)
Causes
- Peasant protests due to poor harvests, degrading living conditions, and high taxes.
- Urban unrest caused by food shortages, unemployment from British competition (liberalism).
- Bourgeoisie discontent as the sole tax-paying class without political representation.
- Nobility’s resistance to taxation, leading to the convocation of the Estates-General.
Process
- Convocation of the Estates-General: Privileged classes defend voting by estate, while the Third Estate (95% of the population)
Spanish Civil War: Military Uprising, Battles, and Outcome
a) The Spanish Civil War: Military Uprising and War Outbreak
On the evening of July 17, the uprising began in the garrison at Melilla. It was followed in Ceuta and Tetuan. Almost everyone who tried to oppose was shot. Franco flew from the Canary Islands and arrived in Tetuan on the 19th, where he took command of the Army of Africa. The Head of Government, Casares Quiroga, did not grasp the gravity of the situation and lost considerable time in the early hours. The military uprising on July 18, 1936,
Read MorePrimo de Rivera’s Dictatorship in Spain: Rise, Policies, and Fall
Primo de Rivera’s Dictatorship in Spain
In a context of political and social crisis, Primo de Rivera opposed constitutional legality, declared a state of war, and demanded that King Alfonso XIII transfer power to the military. Alfonso XIII assented, and a military board chaired by Primo de Rivera suspended the constitutional parliamentary system.
Causes of the Military Coup
Primo de Rivera and his supporters defended his actions as a solution to the political crisis and social conflict. The reasons
Read MoreManifesto of the Persians: Absolutism and Restoration of Ferdinand VII
Persian Manifesto Analysis
The Manifesto of the Persians (1814) was a manuscript in which supporters of King Ferdinand VII advocated for an absolutist policy and praised his return to the Old Regime. This circumstantial text reflects the views of a group of absolutists, known as “the Persians,” addressing King Ferdinand VII upon his return from France after the Treaty of Valençay. They urged him to reject the liberal Constitution of Cadiz.
To understand the “Persians'” desire for the monarch’s return,
Read MoreFranco’s Spain: Power, Laws, and Historical Context
Analysis of Franco’s Regime and its Legal Framework
Introduction
This text examines the nature of power during Franco’s dictatorship in Spain, focusing on the legal framework established by the regime and its historical context.
Analysis of the Text
The text refers to the Spanish Parliament during Franco’s era, highlighting the Head of State’s role. According to the text, the Head of State embodied national sovereignty, held all powers (including enacting and implementing laws), and established the
Read MoreWorld War II and the Post-War Era: A Concise Overview
World War II
Introduction
Read MoreCauses:
– German Expansionism
– Weakness of the League of Nations and democratic governments
Contenders:
– The Axis: Germany, Italy, Japan
– Allies: England, France, USSR, United States
Scope:
– Europe, North Africa, Far East
– Mediterranean, Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans
A highly destructive war due to its scale, the use of powerful new weapons (aviation, aircraft, tanks, nuclear weapons), and inhumane methods of repression (extermination camps, brutal reprisals against civilians,