Alfonso XIII’s Reign: Spain’s Political Turmoil & Reform Attempts
Item 7.1 Alfonso XII and the Crisis of the Restoration – I
1. Alfonso XIII: Projects Political Regeneration
a. The Regeneration Aspects
Surge Regenerationism: the restoration system and its political practices. Force during the early decades of the twentieth century in search of ills of Spain and identify possible solutions. It has several aspects:
- Socio-economic: agglutinated the discomfort of the producing classes. The ideologue was Joaquín Costa, who censured works as Caciquismo Oligarchy and the
Franco’s Spain: Ideology, Support, Politics, and Exile
Franco’s Spain: State Building and International Relations
1. Ideological Foundations of Francoism
Franco’s dictatorship was personal and based on several key principles:
- Centralist Spanish nationalism, rejecting regional nationalisms.
- Strict Catholicism, defining the regime as National Catholicism.
- Historical references to the Catholic Monarchs, the conquest of America, and the Habsburgs.
- Rejection of liberalism, Freemasonry, Jews, socialists, communists, democracy, and the separation of powers.
- Glorification
20th Century European Turmoil: Revolutions, Dictatorships, and War
1.2 The February Revolution
During World War I, Russia was unprepared for a long and costly war. Military disasters led to a decline in agricultural production. Famine appeared in cities, spreading unrest among workers and peasants, discrediting Tsar Nicholas II. The population organized into soviets (workers’ councils) demanding the Tsar’s withdrawal from the war.
The Fall of the Tsar
In February 1917, a revolution erupted in St. Petersburg, leading to the downfall of the Tsarist regime.
1.3 The October
Read MoreSpain’s Transition to Democracy: King Juan Carlos & 1978 Constitution
Item 22: The Political Transition and the Constitution of 1978
I. THE LEADERSHIP OF THE KING: REFORMS IN PLACE OF RUPTURE
After the death of General Franco, accession to Head of State of Juan Carlos I resulted in the restoration of the Bourbon dynasty. This marked the beginning of one of the most interesting periods in Spanish history: the reintroduction of democracy through consensus. Few believed in November 1975 that King Juan Carlos I, educated by Franco to continue his work, would be the true
Spain’s Second Republic: From Dictatorship to Reform (1931-1933)
Item 6: The Second Republic
1. From Dictatorship to Republic
After Primo de Rivera’s resignation in 1930, King Alfonso XIII commissioned General Dámaso Berenguer to form a new government. However, a return to the previous dictatorial regime proved impossible for three key reasons:
- The traditional dynastic parties (Conservatives and Liberals) had lost credibility during the dictatorship.
- The urban public increasingly held the king and the dictator responsible for the country’s situation, leading to
Key Historical Events of Medieval and Modern Spain
Bull of Crusade: Its origin dates back to the eleventh century, when it authorized the Spanish Crown to seek a compulsory contribution, a sort of gift, intended to finance the fight against the Moors and the Crusades, aimed at regaining control of Jerusalem. It was paid by the community, and each major city of the viceroyalties was assigned a sum for this purpose.
Treaty of Tordesillas: Signed in Tordesillas on June 7, 1494, between Isabella and Ferdinand, the Catholic Monarchs of Aragon and Castile,
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