The Impact of Napoleon on Brazil’s Independence
Role of Napoleon in Independence In 1807, Napoleon ordered the invasion of Portugal, and later the royal family migrated to Brazil. Once there, D. John established the colony as the capital of his empire. By 1821, things had calmed down enough in Europe for D. John to return to Lisbon, leaving his son Dom Pedro I in charge of Brazil. The following year, Portugal sent a letter to Dom Pedro I ordering him to return to Portugal because the court wanted to colonize Brazil, and the presence of Dom Pedro
Read MoreSpain’s Economic Miracle and Franco’s Regime: Growth, Opposition, and Decline
Tourism and the “Spanish Economic Miracle”
Tourism boomed on the Mediterranean coast, stimulating the service sector. The result of sector development plans was the so-called “Spanish Economic Miracle.” Global economic conditions and foreign capital, especially from the U.S., were crucial to this “miracle.” Migrant remittances also contributed capital to finance growth in the 1970s, maintain high wages, and reduce social conflict.
Increased purchasing power fueled domestic demand, driving economic
Read MoreSpanish Carlism: History, Ideology, and Wars
Spanish Carlism: A Historical Overview
1. The Succession Crisis (1833)
Carlism, an anti-liberal movement, arose from the succession crisis following Ferdinand VII’s abolishment of the Salic Law. Ferdinand’s moderate reforms provoked opposition from absolutist groups known as ultras, who supported his brother, Infante Don Carlos, as heir. However, Ferdinand’s wife, Maria Cristina of Naples, became pregnant. To ensure his daughter’s claim, Ferdinand abolished the Salic Law, which barred female rulers.
Read More18th Century Politics, Society & Culture
The Ancien Régime
During the 17th and 18th centuries, France operated under a sociopolitical system known as the Ancien Régime. This term also describes the situation in most other European countries during this period. Its most significant characteristics were:
Absolute Monarchy
The monarch ruled by divine right and exercised absolute power. It was believed that only God could judge the monarch’s actions.
State Intervention in the Economy
The economy was based on agrarian activities, with some trade
Read MoreThe Rise of Fascism and the Fall of Weimar Republic
The Rise of Fascism in Italy
Control of Society
Fascism aimed to control all aspects of society by promoting the party and trade unions. This control extended to organizations like the Opera Nazionale Balilla, which enrolled children, and the Opera Nazionale Dopolavoro, which organized leisure time. Even primary school teachers were required to wear black shirts, and university professors had to swear loyalty to the regime.
Catholicism became the official religion, with divorce forbidden, religious
Read MoreUnited Nations Resolution Against Franco’s Spain (1946)
General Assembly Resolution on UN Relations with Spain (1946)
A Condemnation of the Franco Regime
This document details the United Nations General Assembly’s resolution condemning the Franco regime in Spain, adopted in New York on December 12, 1946. The resolution, addressed to all member countries and Spain, aimed to ensure peace and stability in the post-World War II era.
Characterizing the Franco Regime
The resolution identifies the Franco regime as fascist, highlighting its origins in an illegitimate
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