American and French Revolutions: Causes and Key Events
The Wealth of Nations and Colonial Independence
- “Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations” suggests the economy should be managed privately, regulated by supply and demand.
The Thirteen Colonies
- The 13 colonies were founded by the English on North America’s Atlantic coast up to the Appalachian Mountains in the 16th century.
- The colonies were independent of each other, linked only by their allegiance to England.
- The first inhabitants were Puritans.
- Some settlers were individuals who
Alfonso XIII’s Reign: Challenges and Reform Attempts
The Reign of Alfonso XIII: A Historical Overview
The reign of Alfonso XIII was marked by significant challenges. His governments struggled to find solutions, and their projects often sparked controversy and opposition, leading to frequent cabinet changes.
Main Problems During Alfonso XIII’s Reign
There were four main issues:
The Constitutional Question
The 1876 Constitution needed reform to reflect Spain’s new social and political reality. This included removing outdated practices like patronage and
Spanish Civil War: Factions, International Involvement, and Aftermath
Political Developments in the Spanish Civil War
The Republican side was supported by city dwellers, landless peasants, the proletariat, the bourgeoisie in general, and militants of left and centrist parties. Meanwhile, the Nationalist faction was formed by militants of the Falange (whose leader, José Antonio Primo de Rivera, was shot in Alicante in 1936), Carlist *cedistas*, part of the PNV, part of the Regionalist League, soldiers, farmers, and bankers.
Life on the Republican side became increasingly
Read More1808 Crisis: War, Revolution, and Spanish Independence
The Crisis of 1808: Revolutionary War and Liberal Beginnings
The eighteenth-century reforms, not carried out due to opposition from the privileged classes, caused popular discontent. The enlightened minority, which was reformist, was divided into conservative monarchists and a few undecided individuals. Economic crises also fueled social conflicts.
In 1788, Charles IV ascended to the throne, and in 1789, the French Revolution broke out. To isolate Spain from France, King Charles IV appointed Floridablanca
Read MoreAlfonso XIII’s Reign: Instability, Nationalism, and Dictatorship
Politics During Alfonso XIII’s Reign (1902-1931)
In 1902, at the age of 16, Alfonso XIII began his reign, marked by the aftermath of the Disaster of ’98, political instability, and the rise of nationalist movements.
The Disaster of ’98
The Disaster of ’98 wounded the army’s pride, as it was blamed for the loss of the colonies. The army also perceived Spain as fractured due to peripheral nationalisms.
Political Instability
Alfonso XIII faced significant political instability due to a negative view of
Read MoreAncient Greece and Rome: Politics, Art, and Architecture
Unit II. The World Classic
Polis and Empire
1. Greece
Features:
- Creation of the democratic political system in Athens
- Slave-based economic system
- Political category of citizens, people with full rights
- Cultural extension from the Mediterranean, for settlements
- Philosophy as a system of thought
- Creation of Greek art: beauty ideal
- Polytheistic religion based on trilogy: Zeus, Hera, and Athena
Historical Stages:
- Early Greek Civilization:
- Minoan Culture
- Mycenaean Culture
- Archaic Greece:
- Alphabet
- City-States
- Democratic