Spain’s 19th-20th Century: Restoration, Crisis, and Regeneration
Spain Without Pulse
The text is a contemporary testimonial narrative, journalistic in style, written by Francisco Silvela, successor to Canovas del Castillo as head of the Conservative Party.
The Restoration and its Foundations
The restoration was based on a liberal parliamentary system. The 1876 constitution, of modest nature, provided for shared sovereignty between the Courts and the Crown. The courts were organized into two chambers: the Congress of Deputies and the Senate. It proclaimed the Catholic
Read MoreKey Figures and Movements That Shaped History
Major Achievements
- Dr. Charles Drew
- Separated blood into cells and plasma, revolutionizing blood banks and transfusion techniques.
- Trained Black surgeons.
- Lise Meitner
- First female professor of physics in Germany.
- Contributed to the discovery of nuclear fission, explaining how uranium atoms split when bombarded with neutrons.
- Katherine Johnson
- Helped launch the first American in space and supported John Glenn’s orbital mission.
- Developed navigation equations for spaceflight return trajectories.
- Sylvia Rivera
- Fought
The Spanish Civil War: Republican Zone and Revolution
The Republican Area: The Contained Revolution
The Sinking Republican State
The Republican administration (José Giral) had to hastily arrange a military force capable of confronting the insurgents. They decided to deliver weapons to the militias of parties and trade unions, and dissolve the army. The police ordered the creation of battalions of volunteers, which had to be integrated into the militias. In the territory under Republican power, a popular structure emerged, based around trade unions and
Read MoreIsabel II Reign: Liberalism and Carlist Wars in Spain
**Isabel II: Transition to Liberalism**
Following the death of Ferdinand VII in 1833, a transition stage began in Spain. At this stage, the division was consolidated into two streams of liberalism:
- The moderate Liberals, supporters of an intermediate between absolutism and popular sovereignty. They advocated a conservative liberalism.
- The progressive Liberals, supporters of the legislative work of the Cortes of Cadiz and social and political reform.
After the King’s death, Maria Cristina took the regency
Read MoreFranco’s Dictatorship: Stages, Ideology, and Structure
Franco’s Dictatorship: A Detailed Analysis
The dictatorship established by Franco can be defined as a non-transitory regime. This new regime was established as a totalitarian system without democratic freedoms and without a constitution, and in which all powers were concentrated in the figure of the Head of State, General Franco. We must say that this dictatorship is a mixture of military dictatorship, fascist state (it was inspired by Italy and Germany) and absolute monarchy without a king (Franco
Read MoreInternational Impact and Aftermath of the Spanish Civil War
International Impact of the Spanish Civil War
The Spanish Civil War forced the great powers to take individual positions, but a joint position was also established, known as the Non-Intervention Agreement. Added to this was the ideological debate that affected both public opinion and intellectuals from around the world.
Individual Actions of the Powers
The positions of the powers were critical in the evolution of the Civil War due to the intervention of Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany in support of
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