Restoration, Absolutism, and Independence in 19th Century Europe
International Context of the Restoration
In 1814, following Napoleon’s defeat, several European states met at the Congress of Vienna to reorganize Europe. The main objectives were:
- Restore the kings and dynasties defeated by Napoleon.
- Reinstate absolutist regimes (prior to the Napoleonic Wars).
- Prevent revolutionary outbreaks.
Prussia, Russia, and Austria signed the Holy Alliance to maintain absolutism and intervene militarily if needed. This period is known as the Restoration.
The Sexenio of Absolutism
The
Read MoreCastilian and Aragonese Political, Economic, and Territorial Evolution
Political Organization in the Kingdom of Castile
Royalty
The king held supreme authority, considered to be “by the grace of God.” His power was understood to derive from the people, with God as the ultimate source. The people, represented by privileged classes, were seen as the intermediary between God and the king. Succession to the throne in León followed a hereditary principle, favoring male succession (eldest son, then the second child, and so on). In the absence of a male heir, women could inherit,
Read MoreThe Spanish Transition: From Franco to Democracy
Spain’s Transition to Democracy
The term “transition” refers to the period between the death of Franco in November 1975 and the establishment and consolidation of liberal democracy in Spain. The most surprising feature of the Transition was that it was done using the institutions Franco had created to perpetuate the Regime.
The Succession
In 1947, Franco issued the Succession Law. Spain was proclaimed a monarchy in which the King, after swearing the Fundamental Laws, could be appointed by Franco.
Read MoreColonial America: Expansion, Slavery, and Social Classes
King Philip’s War
- Introduction: King Philip’s War
- Global Competition and the Expansion of England’s Empire
- The Mercantilist System
- England attempted to regulate its economy to ensure wealth and national power.
- Commerce, not territorial plunder, was the foundation of the English empire.
- The 1651 Navigation Acts required colonial products or “enumerated” goods to be transported in English ships and sold at English ports.
- England attempted to regulate its economy to ensure wealth and national power.
- The Conquest of New Netherland
- The restoration of the English monarchy came in 1660 with
- The Mercantilist System
Early American Literature: A Historical Journey
Early American Literature: A Historical Journey
1. Settlement of First Colonies
John Smith (1580-1631)
The General History of Virginia
The General History of Virginia, written by John Smith (1580-1631), offers a unique perspective on the early English settlements in North America. Unlike the Spanish conquest, which relied on secondary accounts, Smith’s chronicle provides a first-hand perspective, aiming to establish his prestige and share knowledge of the New World and its indigenous inhabitants.
Read MorePalma de Mallorca Streets and Plazas: A Comprehensive List
Streets and Plazas of Palma de Mallorca
Explore the vibrant streets and plazas of Palma de Mallorca with this comprehensive list:
- Spanish Steps
- Av. Joan March
- December 31
- Plaza Abu Yahya
- Ausias March
- Plaza Santa Pagesa
- Ausias March
- San Joaquin
- Tizi
- Plaza Abu Yahya
- Antonio Frontera
- Plaza Cardenal Reig
- Francisco Sancho
- Gabriel Maura
- Aragon
- Square Guell
- Aragon
- Laundry
- Passage Son Real
- Reyes Catolicos
- Lieutenant Colonel Franco
- Paseo del Borne
- Plaza de la Reina
- Paseo del Borne
- Plaza Juan Carlos I
- Jaime III
- Catalonia
- Industry
- Desbach
- Plaza