Early Middle Ages: Norman Conquest, Feudal System & Society
UNIT 3: Early Middle Ages
Introduction: The Middle Ages
The Middle Ages is the period between 1066 and 1485. Some historians refer to the early part as the “Dark Ages,” but we consider the Middle Ages to have started in 1066 with the Battle of Hastings and ended with the emergence of the English Renaissance in 1485. The Battle of Hastings and the Norman Conquest saw William the Conqueror take lands from the Saxon English and give them to French nobles. The English Middle Ages saw the building
Read MoreFranco’s Spain: Politics, Economy, and Society (1939-1975)
Economy: The Spanish Miracle (1959-1973)
The so-called “Spanish Miracle” saw a significant increase in per capita income. The 1959 Stabilization Plan aimed to open the Spanish economy. The peseta entered the international trading market, leading to back-inflation. Foreign trade became important, although imports exceeded exports. There was a significant development of the workforce, with agrarian employment decreasing from 50% to 20%. Tourism and emigrant remittances also played a crucial role.
Anti-
Read MoreKey Pacts, Conflicts, and Movements of the 20th Century
Rome-Berlin Axis
Rome-Berlin axis: Coalition formed in 1936 between Italy and Germany. An agreement formulated by Italy’s foreign minister Galeazzo Ciano informally linking the two fascist countries was reached on October 25, 1936. It was formalized by the Pact of Steel in 1939. The term Axis Powers came to include Japan as well.
Pact of Steel
Pact of steel: Fue un acuerdo político-militar firmado el 22 de mayo de 1939 en Berlín, entre los Ministros de Relaciones Exteriores Galeazzo Ciano por el
18th Century Britain: Politics, Conflicts, and the Napoleonic Era
Unit 8: Revolution and Georgian Britain
Sir Robert Walpole (1676-1745)
The resignation of Sunderland and the death of Stanhope in 1721 left Walpole as the most important figure in the administration. In April 1721, he was appointed First Lord of the Treasury, Chancellor of the Exchequer, and Leader of the House of Commons. Walpole’s de facto tenure as “Prime Minister” is often dated to his appointment as First Lord in 1721. In reality, however, Walpole shared power with his brother-in-law Lord Townshend,
Read MoreThe 18th Century: From Stuarts to American Independence
UNIT 7: The Eighteenth Century (1688-1789)
Introduction
End of the Stuart dynasty and the House of Hanover: William and Mary of Orange ascended the throne as joint monarchs and defenders of Protestantism, followed by Queen Anne, the second of James II’s daughters. The end of the Stuart line with the death of Queen Anne led to the drawing up of the Act of Settlement in 1701, which provided that only Protestants could hold the throne. The next in line according to the provisions of this act was George
Read MoreMedieval England: Monasteries, Language, and Monarchs
Medieval Monasteries and Their Roles
The abbot held overall control of the Abbey. The prior, junior to the abbot, organized the day-to-day operations. Larger abbeys might have a sub-prior to assist. Other roles included chantor, sacristan, hospitaller, infirmarer, and almoner. By the mid-11th century, British monasteries were declining. Following the Norman Conquest, William granted land to the Church and brought Normans to rebuild and repopulate the monasteries. New churches were built on older
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