Alfonso XIII’s 1931 Departure: A King’s Perspective on Spain’s Transition
Alfonso XIII’s Departure: A King’s Perspective
This is a text of political content, since it is the waiver of King Alfonso XIII. The document is public and the recipient is the Spanish people. It was written on 14 April 1931, after the victory of the Republican coalition in local elections and the unexpected proclamation of the republic in Eibar, Madrid, and soon in other Spanish cities. The government and the King himself were surprised by the events in the course of the day, and took quick and
Read MoreKey Movements and Figures in 20th Century History
SNCC – Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, a key organization in the American Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s. It was started by young leaders of the sit-in protests, initiated on February 1st by four Black students in North Carolina. SNCC grew into a large organization with many supporters in the North who helped raise funds to support its work in the South, allowing full-time workers to receive a $10 per week salary.
Mao Zedong – A Chinese Communist revolutionary and the founding father
Read MoreThe 18th Century: From Absolute Monarchy to American Revolution
Key Concepts of the 18th Century
Absolute Monarchy
A system where the monarch holds supreme autocratic authority, not restricted by written laws, legislature, or customs. The economy and the people have no voice.
Nobility
The land-based economy was dominated by the nobility.
War of Succession (1701-1714)
The struggle for the throne between the Bourbons and the Habsburgs in Spain. It was initiated by the Bourbons with Philip V.
Parliamentary Monarchy
A system where the monarch’s power is limited and conditioned
Read MoreUS New Deal & Fascism: Economic Policies & Social Impact
The New Deal
In the United States, Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt became president in 1933, at the height of the Great Depression. Roosevelt launched a program of state economic intervention known as the New Deal. Between 1933 and 1938, a series of measures were adopted to combat deflation, relaunch the economy, and create jobs.
- A program was launched to clean up the banking system so that banks would offer better guarantees, security deposits, and loans. The restoration of the credit system was enhanced,
Anarchism and Labor Movement: History & Key Events
Anarchism
Anarchism, with figures like Makinmer Miguel, emerged as a distinct ideology. It split from Marxist socialism, advocating for federal communes created by employees. Anarchists rejected state and party politics, favoring secret associations and free trade unions.
Training of the Labor Movement
The labor movement’s training involved both discrete actions and union strikes. Early forms included riots with popular patterns and threats to destroy machinery. Workers formed partnerships, and unions
Read MoreMedieval Spain: Society, Culture, and Art
Reforestation and Models of Social Organization
After the military occupation of Muslim lands, it was necessary to ensure the conquest by repopulating, applying different stocking systems:
- Reforestation of Haste or Quick: The occupation of the lands of the Douro Valley by peasants, nobles, and monasteries resulted in the predominance of small and large properties.
- Reforestation Concejil: Councils divided the conquered territories, the king granted a charter, and the settlers were granted a plot and