Fascism’s Rise in Interwar Europe: Economic and Political Factors
Germany and Hitler’s Economic Policy
There was strong state intervention based on the control of wages due to the repression of trade unions and leftist parties. The restriction of imports aimed at achieving self-sufficiency (autarky). The expansion of public works helped to increase employment. The politics of rearmament had positive effects on heavy industry and led to the economic crisis and military confrontation.
International Cooperation and Stabilization
The International Conference in London
Read MoreFranco Regime Opposition: From Exile to Internal Resistance
Opposition to the Franco Regime
Exile and Early Resistance
Initially, opposition to the Franco regime was spearheaded by exiles following the Civil War. The Republican government persisted in exile, albeit symbolically, from 1945 to 1977. Various groups from the Popular Front continued their activities abroad, forging partnerships, attempting to reorganize, and seeking support to overthrow the dictatorship.
Internal Opposition and Repression
Internal opposition proved more challenging, especially in
Read MoreSpanish Civil War: Uprising, Factions, and Aftermath
On July 12, Lieutenant Castillo of the Assault Guards was killed. In retaliation, his companions killed a right-wing leader, José Calvo Sotelo. From that moment, everything happened quickly. On the afternoon of July 17, 1936, the garrisons of Ceuta, Melilla, and Tetouan revolted, led by General Franco against the Republic. On July 18, the uprising spread to the rest of the peninsula, marking the beginning of the Civil War.
The Military Uprising (July 17 and 18, 1936)
The conspiracy against the Republic
Read More1868 Revolution in Spain: Causes and Key Events
Proclamation of the Provisional Revolutionary Junta of Seville
This is a Proclamation of the Provisional Revolutionary Junta of Seville, highlighting several important points:
- The consecration of universal suffrage and freedom.
- The absolute freedom of the press.
- The abolition of the death penalty and tackling the criminal penal system.
- Efficiently guaranteed individual security.
- The abolition of conscription and the organization of the army and navy, based on voluntary enlistments with appropriate safeguards.
Spanish Constitutional History: 1812 to Present
Timeline of Key Constitutional Changes
| Constitution | 1812 | Royal Charter | 1837 | 1845 | 1869 | 1876 | 1931 | Fundamental Laws 1936-1966 | 1978 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Subject of Sovereignty | Nation | King | Nation | King and Courts | Nation (People) | King and Court | Nation (People) | Undetermined: Chief of State | Nation (People) |
| Ideology | Progressive Liberal | Conservative (Moderate) | Progressive | Conservative (Moderate) | Progressive (Democratic) | Conservative Liberal | Progressive (Republican) | Conservative (Dictatorship) | Consensual Neutral |
| Power Relationship | Recognizes the separation of |
French Revolution: From Assembly to Napoleonic Empire
The Work of the Constituent Assembly (1789-1791)
The Constituent Assembly’s aims were to dismantle the old regime. To end the ancien régime, a decree was passed abolishing feudal law. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen was drafted, which recognized and guaranteed personal freedoms, equality before the law, and property. In September, the 1791 Constitution was passed. The political regime became a parliamentary monarchy. National sovereignty and fundamental rights were recognized.
- Division