Early American History: Slavery, Colonization, and Key Figures
James Thomson Callender and the Jefferson-Hemings Controversy
In 1802, James Thomson Callender published a story alleging that then-President Thomas Jefferson had several children with Sally Hemings, a woman he enslaved. Callender had previously been a political ally of Jefferson, expecting to be appointed postmaster of Richmond, Virginia. However, Jefferson, seeking to distance himself from patronage, did not make the appointment. Callender threatened to publish the story if not appointed, and after
Read MoreNapoleon and Politics: Peninsular War and Trafalgar
Napoleon and Politics: The Peninsular War and Trafalgar
Stage 3: Napoleon and Politics in the Peninsular War and Trafalgar. Spain’s treatment of prisoners led Portugal to rescind its alliance with Great Britain. Godoy’s treatment of prisoners led Napoleon to declare war on Portugal. The first war was very short, denominated the “War of the Oranges.” In volume one, the small Spanish border town called Olivenza entered. When Napoleon saw this, he became furious. At that moment, he was trying to reach
Read MoreCanary Islands Integration & Spanish Monarchy 15th Century
Integration of the Canary Islands
The Canary Islands were in dispute between Portugal and Spain until the Treaty of Alcáçovas-Toledo in 1479. Portugal relinquished control of the archipelago yet to settle, and for nearly twenty years, the Spaniards ultimately imposed their rule over the islands. The process of conquest began with the signing of capitulations between the Crown and individuals acting in the name of the monarchy. Subsequently, especially after 1492 with the discovery of America, the
Read MoreAthenian Democracy: Rise, Culture, and Legacy
The Athenian State: From Oligarchy to Democracy
The Athenian state was one of the most significant developments in Greek civilization. It began in the Archaic period and continued until the Hellenistic period, undergoing significant changes along the way. The Athenian state was known for its democratic government and its contributions to philosophy, art, literature, and warfare.
The Rise of Democracy in Archaic Athens
During the Archaic period, Athens was ruled by aristocratic families, and the government
Read MoreBrazilian Uprisings: Vaccine Revolt & Chibata Revolt
Vaccine Revolt – 1906
Time
1906
Location
Rio de Janeiro
Leaders
This riot was a popular movement in which ordinary people came together and revolted. There were no specific, relevant leaders.
Characteristics
- It was during the government of Rodrigo Alves (former President Campos Sales’ government was well balanced).
- It was the first urban riot.
- Rodrigo Alves had as his main design the redevelopment of Rio de Janeiro. He wanted to make Rio a modern city like Paris. Rio was the business card of Brazil and was
Reign of Isabel II of Spain: 1843-1868
**Item 12.1 (third): Isabel II (1843-1868): The True Kingdom**
General Espartero (who had assumed the regency in 1840) resigned due to a lack of support for his political and military policies. General Narvaez defeated him in Torrejón de Ardoz in the summer of 1843. Espartero was exiled to England. The progressives refused to return to Maria Cristina, and the courts decided to advance the age of majority of Isabel II when she was 13 years old. Narvaez became the strongman of the time.