Spanish Civil War: Causes, Key Events, and International Impact
The Spanish Civil War
The Spanish Civil War was a significant social, political, and military conflict that took place between July 17, 1936, and April 1, 1939, when Franco declared victory. The conflict had several underlying causes. The polarization of political parties, with right-wing and left-wing factions, intensified after the Popular Front’s victory in the February 1936 elections. This victory further radicalized the right-wing.
Between February and July, major riots erupted in the streets,
Read MoreWorld War I: Causes, Participants, and Treaty of Versailles
World War I: Causes, Participants, and Treaty of Versailles
Social Change and Labor Movement in 19th Century Spain
In Spain, there was strong population growth during the 19th century. The population model was based on the predominance of agriculture. Crop failure (causing famine), epidemics, and diseases were common.
From Estates Society to Class Society
The transition to a capitalist economy led to social change. The new ruling class was nurtured by the old landed gentry, who formed an oligarchy of landowners at the top of society. Below them, a weak middle class existed, both rural and urban, consisting of
Read MoreVindictiveness and Appeasement: Origins of World War II
The policies of vindictiveness and appeasement in foreign relations were products of the First World War, largely as a result of the Treaty of Versailles.
The defeated nation of Germany, along with Italy (which felt it had not adequately benefited from the distribution of territories), sought revenge. Germany, in particular, was forced to surrender significant territory. These countries aimed to rebuild, regain their imperial structures, and return to being major powers.
The movement toward revenge
Read MoreWorld War II, Decolonization, and 20th Century Technological Advances
World War II (1939-1945)
The war began in 1939 and ended in 1945.
Causes of World War II
- International political tensions among nations led to war.
- Expansionist policies of Germany, Italy, and Japan.
- Hitler’s ambition to make Germany a great power.
- Mussolini’s expansionist goals in the Mediterranean, Africa, and Oceania.
- Japan’s expansion in East Asia and China.
- Democratic powers initially sought to maintain peace.
On September 1, 1939, Germany invaded Poland. Czechoslovakia had been annexed in 1938 through
Read MoreFrancoism in Spain: Ideology and Power Consolidation
Immediate Postwar: Exaltation and Repression
Introduction
Franco was a dictator who wielded power unparalleled in the history of Spain. The feverish excitement surrounding him as a national leader helped to place him above all the political tendencies of the regime. This was reinforced by a brutal crackdown on the opposition.
On October 1, 1936, Franco was appointed Generalissimo of the three armed forces and head of the single party.
Until his death, Franco was convinced of his providential role as
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