Carlism and the Carlist Wars in Spain
Carlism and the Carlist Wars
In 1830, Princess Isabella was born. King Ferdinand VII decided to abolish the Salic Law and sign the Pragmatic Sanction, allowing his daughter to reign. At his death in 1833, his brother, Carlos, did not accept Ferdinand’s will and declared war on his niece, Isabella. Since Isabella was underage, the Regent Maria Cristina of Naples allied with the Liberals to defend her daughter’s throne.
Carlist Ideology
Carlism is more than just a struggle for the rights of Charles V.
Read MoreThe Spanish Second Republic: A Historical Overview
The Spanish Second Republic
The Spanish Second Republic, established after the First Republic, experienced a period of significant political and social change. The monarchy, under Alfonso XII and Alfonso XIII, was characterized by corruption, exploitation, and repression. The Republican opposition, composed of political, trade union, and progressive social mood, slowly organized over the years. The monarchy gradually entered a phase of decline resulting from the above reasons. By 1931, the monarchy
Read MoreMadrid in the Spanish Civil War: Columns and Battle
Columns March to Madrid (1936)
This stage took place between July and November 1936. It involved various military columns on both sides. The rebels were supported by some military professionals, such as José Vicente Miaja and Rojo, the brightest official on the Republican side. Overall, the central government lost control of public order and the military initiative for several months, as it lacked capable and disciplined troops. The fleet and officers were also ineffective.
The capture of Madrid
Read MoreSpain’s Democratic Transition: Governments (1978-2000)
The New Democracy Through Its Spanish Governments (1978-2000)
Introduction
Spain, a democratic country, experienced significant transformations between 1978 and 2000. Two key European circumstances shaped this period: the resolution of historical challenges (Civil War and the 36-year dictatorship) and Spain’s integration into the European Union. Under the monarchy of Juan Carlos I, Spain modernized its political, social, and economic structures, although the latter two were initiated during the Franco
Read MoreUnderstanding the Ancien Régime, Enlightenment, and More
The Ancien Régime
The Ancien Régime refers to the institutions that the revolutionary tradition sought to overthrow. This tradition encompassed:
- Politically, identification with the absolute monarchy.
- Socially, a society based on estates.
- Economically, a command economy heavily regulated by the State.
- Intellectually, attitudes and beliefs dominated by the principle of authority.
The Enlightenment
The Enlightenment developed in Europe during the 17th century, primarily in France. Enlightenment thought
Read MoreThe Rise and Fall of Fascism in Italy Under Mussolini
The Rise and Fall of Fascism in Italy
The Rise of Mussolini: Causes
- Post-War Economic Crisis: Inflation, strikes, and widespread protests destabilized the nation.
- Creation of the Fasci: Groups of citizens trained as soldiers to maintain order.
- Fasci de Combattimento (Blackshirts): A paramilitary group with ultranationalist ideology, opposing socialist parties and trade unions.
- Formation of the National Fascist Party: Consolidating power under a single banner.
- The March on Rome: This forced the government