Key Events in Spanish History: Monarchy to Democracy
Primo de Rivera’s Coup
Amid political exhaustion and Moroccan struggles during Alfonso XIII’s monarchy, Captain General Miguel Primo de Rivera launched a coup in September. Supported by the King, Primo dissolved Parliament, ending constitutional life and ruling as dictator for over six years.
Second Republic
Following the April 12th municipal elections, which saw Republican-Socialist victories in cities, the Second Republic was proclaimed on April 14th. Despite the monarchy winning rural areas, King Alfonso XIII abdicated and left for Italy.
Uprising and Repression
The inclusion of CEDA ministers in the government triggered an uprising by leftist and regionalist forces in October, primarily in Asturias and Catalonia. While the Catalan revolt was swiftly suppressed, Asturian miners clashed with authorities, leading to casualties. The government’s forceful response resulted in significant repression of worker organizations.
Spanish Civil War Begins
On July 17th, troops in Melilla revolted against the Republic. The following day, the movement spread nationwide. General Franco, stationed in the Canary Islands, declared a state of war in Morocco, urging others to join him. July 18th became symbolic of the Franco regime.
Civil War Ends
On April 1st, General Franco declared the end of the war, stating the Red Army’s defeat. Madrid was occupied without resistance in late March, and Franco’s forces reached the east coast, concluding the war. Hardship awaited those who remained in Spain.
Franco’s Death
General Francisco Franco, Spain’s Head of State and dictator, died on November 20th, ending nearly 40 years of absolute rule. His dictatorship was among Europe’s longest-lasting.
Constitution and Democracy
The Constituent Cortes, elected in June 1977, drafted a democratic constitution, approved by referendum at the end of 1978. It established a constitutional monarchy, protected individual and social rights, and enabled decentralization, acknowledging regional realities.
Attempted Coup
On February 23rd, some Civil Guard and Army commanders attempted a coup. Lieutenant Colonel Antonio Tejero stormed Congress, kidnapping ministers and deputies during the election of Leopoldo Calvo Sotelo as Prime Minister. General Milans del Bosch declared a state of war in Valencia. King Juan Carlos’s firm defense of democracy thwarted the coup, leading to the arrest and sentencing of those involved.