American, West African, and European Societies: 1400s
The Americas, West Africa, and Europe: Ancient Cultures
Hunting and Gathering
Agriculture developed. The Mayan, Incan, and Aztec civilizations flourished, and complex societies arose in North America.
Native American Societies of the 1400s
Characterized by a diversity of people, trade, attitudes towards land ownership, religious beliefs (belief in spirits), social values, and large families.
West African Societies, 1400
Featured the Kingdoms of Songhai, Benin, and Kongo. West African culture included
Read MoreComparing Italian and German Unification
The Unification of Italy (19th Century)
At the beginning of the 19th century, the Italian peninsula was divided as follows:
- North: The Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia. Veneto and Lombardy were controlled by Austria.
- Center: The Papal States and small states like Parma, Modena, and Tuscany, under Austrian influence.
- South: The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and Naples.
The Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia had a liberal, constitutional political system. King Victor Emmanuel II and Prime Minister Cavour aimed to
Read MoreSpain’s Transition to Democracy: 1975-1978
The Spanish Transition (1975-1978)
On November 20, 1975, Carlos Arias Navarro, head of the Government, informed the nation about the death of Franco. Following this event, Spain became the protagonist of a rare event in world history: a peaceful transition from dictatorship to democracy. The desire to integrate Spain into European economies through the Common Market and the need to maintain a dynamic expansion was incompatible with the survival of a backward political system.
Juan Carlos I Proclaimed
Read MorePost-WWI Europe: Economic Crisis & Rise of Totalitarianism
Europe After WWI: Adaptation from War to Peacetime
The adaptation from war to peacetime was difficult because of destruction from the war, inflation, and high unemployment. European countries had to pay debts to the USA.
A) German Hyperinflation
The crisis was especially severe in Germany. It had to pay war reparations. This led to a huge rise in prices and the devaluation of the German Mark. In November 1923, 1 dollar was worth 4.3 billion marks. Production grew (1914) and employment rose, made possible
Read MoreKey Events and Timeline of World War II
Key Events of World War II
- September 1939: Invasion of Poland (Trigger event)
- June 1940: Germany invades France and defeats her in six weeks.
- June – December 1941: Operation Barbarossa – Germany invades Russia. It is the largest military operation in history.
- December 1941: Pearl Harbor – Japan attacks Pearl Harbor.
- June 1942: Battle of Midway – The US Navy defeats the Japanese Navy.
- February 1943: Stalingrad – The German army surrenders at Stalingrad. One of the bloodiest battles; Hitler suffers a major
Spanish Constitutions of 1876 and 1931: A Comparison
Constitution of 1876: Key Features
Internal Constitution: The doctrine of the Internal Constitution in Spain posited a system with both a Monarchy and a Parliament. The Constituent Assembly could not deliberate on the monarchy. The Internal Constitution existed alongside the Crown. The King held wide-ranging powers over the courts and contributed to national courts. The King could dissolve or suspend the courts if it was submitted to the Government.
Dual Party Trust and Time: This shaped the customary
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