Spanish Restoration: Political System and Key Events
The Spanish Restoration: A Conservative Era
The stage of affirmation of the liberal revolution was, in its most conservative form. The ideological bases of the restorative system were those of the creator Antonio Cánovas del Castillo, taking into account: the Constitution of 1876, the Pacific Time party, the oligarchies, the chieftaincy, and the creation of the King-Soldier, as a means to end interference with the military in political life.
Cánovas’s Presidency (1876-1881)
Cánovas’s presidency
Read MoreThe Cortes of Cádiz: Spain’s First Liberal Revolution
The Cortes of Cádiz
The Provincial Boards and the Central Board
The abdication of Bayonne had created a vacuum of authority in occupied Spain. Although the Bourbons had ordered the authorities to obey the new king Joseph I, many Spanish people refused to obey an authority that was seen as illegitimate. To fill this vacuum and organize spontaneous uprisings against the French, Provincial Boards were organized to assume sovereignty.
The Provincial Boards felt from the outset the need for coordination.
Read MoreSpain in the 16th Century: Economy and Society
16th Century Spain: Economy and Society
Economic developments in sixteenth-century Spain were marked by growth and a price revolution. Both Castile and Aragon experienced a major boom in all economic sectors, especially those related to urban and commodity production, international trade, and port activities. Population growth and the demand from America for all types of products increased demand.
The Price Revolution
Another important factor was the price revolution. Since the beginning of the century,
Read MoreNationalism, Expansion, and Imperialism: A Concise Analysis
Nationalism and National Processes
Nationalism spurred national processes.
Nation: A group of people born in the same place under the power of a monarch who controlled different areas.
The German Romantics defended the cultural conception of the nation, believing it to be a living being, created over time, with its own culture, language, history, and right to organize itself as a sovereign state.
French theorists posed a political conception of the nation as a voluntary decision by a group of people
Read MoreCrusades, Romanesque Art, and the Black Death: Key Facts
The Crusades
1. What were the Crusades?
- They were expeditions formed by Christian kings, knights, and vassals.
- They set off into the Eastern Mediterranean to reconquer the Holy Land, which was under Muslim control.
Romanesque Art
2. What was Romanesque art?
It was a new artistic style that spread throughout Europe in the 11th and 12th centuries.
Characteristics of Romanesque Art
3. Explain the characteristics of Romanesque art (6)
- It is the first fully European style.
- It was inspired by the art of Ancient
Vergara Convention: Ending the First Carlist War
Vergara Convention
The Vergara Convention was an agreement between Espartero and Maroto, recognizing the jobs, degrees, and awards of the Army General Maroto. Those who signed were released to serve the Constitution of 1837, the throne of Elizabeth II, and the regency of her mother, or retire to their homes with weapons.
Key Figures
- Baldomero Espartero: (1793-1879), Spanish soldier and politician, ruler of the kingdom (1840-1843) and president of government (1837, 1840-1841, 1854-1856), central figure