Spain’s 19th-Century Political Turmoil: 1868-1874
The Fall of Isabel II and the Revolution of 1868
A particularly severe economic crisis triggered worker and peasant uprisings. The lower bourgeoisie and popular classes desired greater participation in politics. Progressives (grouped around General Prim), Democrats, Republicans, and General Serrano (previously associated with Canova) joined the opposition to the system.
They signed the Ostend Pact, aiming to dethrone Elizabeth II.
Key Outcomes:
- Elizabeth II’s reign marked the final stabilization of
Nazi Dictatorship, Cold War, and Old Regime: A Historical Analysis
The Nazi Dictatorship
Hitler used rhetoric, promising to work for everyone, reduce industrial profits, and improve wages. He accused Jews, communists, and democrats of being responsible for the crisis in Germany. Nazi militias violently opposed the republic and staged various insurrectionary attempts, clashing with communist organizations and their members. In the 1932 elections, the Nazi party won 13 million votes, and in 1933, Hindenburg appointed Hitler chancellor. Shortly after, the Nazis orchestrated
Read MoreResistance and Opposition to Franco’s Regime in Spain
Opposition to the Fascist Regime
After the Civil War, the new regime began a harsh crackdown against those defeated in the war. As a result, during the post-war period, many “anti-regime” individuals were harassed, arrested, and shot. Others went into exile or fled to the mountains for refuge, continuing their opposition to Franco from the underground.
The fugitive groups in mountain areas, called maquis, were disorganized groups from all parts of the political left (Doc.1), but mostly persecuted
Read More17th-Century Spain: Habsburg Rule & Internal Conflicts
17th-Century Spain: The Minor Habsburgs and Internal Conflicts
Philip III, Philip IV, and Charles II, Habsburgs called the Juniors, reigned in the 17th century. It was a century of decline, both politically and economically, inseparable from the general European crisis.
Philip III (1598-1621)
Philip III left power in the hands of his favorite, the Duke of Lerma, who became rich and distributed offices among relatives. The court moved to Valladolid in 1600 for six years. The expulsion of the Moors (
Read MoreWorld War I: Trench Warfare, Stalemate, and Armenian Genocide
Western Front: Stalemate
By early 1915, opposing armies on the Western Front had dug miles of parallel trenches to protect themselves from enemy fire: trench warfare. The space between the opposing trenches was called “no man’s land.” When the officers ordered an attack, the soldiers went to the top of the trench and had to face rounds of machine-gun fire and shells of all calibers. Most of the offensives, most of the attacks on the enemy trenches, failed, and tens of thousands of soldiers died
Read MoreAlfonso XIII’s Reign: Modernization Attempts and Crisis
Reign of Alfonso XIII: Modernization Attempts
At the beginning of Alfonso XIII’s reign, the fundamentals of the Restoration, the 1876 Constitution, political parties, and caciquismo were still in force. However, his accession to the throne coincided with the impact of the Disaster of ’98 and the rise of Regenerationism, the advance of socialist and nationalist Republican parties. The new king decided to intervene in politics and exert military power.