Kant: Renaissance Science and the Scientific Revolution
Renaissance and Revolution (XV – XVII Century)
The Renaissance period is a bridge between the Middle Ages. The year 1453, when Constantinople fell, is considered the beginning, and 1600, the year of Giordano Bruno’s death, the end. Key features:
Change in Society: From Feudalism to Absolutism
The feudal system fell into crisis, with the nobility losing power. Kings administered through civil servants, centralizing power in the hands of the monarch, a system called absolutist monarchy. Absolutist monarchies
Read MorePrimo de Rivera’s Dictatorship: Origins, Policies, and Fall
The Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera
The Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera lasted for seven years and consisted of two distinct forms of government: the Military Directory (1923-1925) and the Civil Directorate (1925-1930).
The Military Directory (1923-1925)
The Military Directory was presented as an interim regime aimed at resolving pending issues. It focused on institutionalizing the regime and addressing economic and social concerns. The coup was justified by claiming that the constitutional system
Read MoreWWII Aftermath: Impact, Peace Conferences & UN
Impact of World War II
When World War II ended, Europe was materially and morally destroyed, and its population was decimated. Two new powers emerged, the United States and the USSR, relegating Europe to a secondary role. The demographic balance is estimated at around 50 million deaths, almost half from the USSR, followed by Germany and Poland. For the first time in history, the majority of victims were not military personnel.
Material destruction was significant, affecting cities, infrastructure,
Read MoreLabor Movement, Socialism, and the French Revolution
Home of the Labor Movement
Home of the labor movement: They built their own organizations and claimed the first steps to remedy the injustices caused by capitalism. The proletarians responded by spreading Luddism, attacking and destroying machines. Many workers were executed. Luddism began disappearing when many workers realized that the source of the problem was not machines, but the capitalist system. They started a workers’ association. The first arose among workers in the same factory. English
Read MoreFirst World War: Origins and Impact
Causes of World War I
Rivalry Among the Powers
- Antagonistic Blocs: Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy) and the Triple Entente (United Kingdom, France, and Russia).
- General Rearmament: All the powers of Europe, especially Germany, increased their military strength.
- Economic Rivalry: Germany’s rapid industrial development during the Second Industrial Revolution provoked rivalries for new markets.
- Warlike Atmosphere: The rise of militarism in the decades before the war increased tensions
Liberalism: Origins, Principles, and Impact
Liberalism: Origins and Principles
Liberalism is a philosophical, economic, and political ideology that emerged in Europe in the late 18th century. It was influenced by Enlightenment movements, French rationalism, and the English Revolution of 1688.
Key Principles of Liberalism:
- Defense of individual freedoms.
- Right to choose rulers through suffrage.
- Equality before the law.
The political form of government proposed by liberalism is a constitutional monarchy or a republic with separation of powers, a
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