The 1931 Constitution and the Azaña Biennium
Constitution of 1931
Its main features are:
- Form of State: Spain is defined as a popular sovereignty.
- The Court: Consists of a single chamber, elected every 4 years, with only legislative power, called the “Congress of Deputies.”
- Head of State: Chaired by the President of the Republic, elected every 6 years indirectly. He may dissolve the Cortes up to twice during his tenure and has the right of veto.
- Bill of Rights and Freedoms: Establishes a comprehensive bill of rights and freedoms, most notably that
Timeline of WWII: Battles, Strategies, and Consequences
Key Events Leading to World War II
How did it start?
- 1931: Japan invades Manchuria.
- March 1933: Japan is expelled from the League of Nations.
- October 1933: Germany leaves the League of Nations.
- October 1935: Italy invades Ethiopia.
- March 1936: Germany remilitarizes the Rhineland.
- October 1936: The Rome-Berlin Axis is formed.
- November 1936: Signing of the Anti-Comintern Pact.
- March 1938: Germany invades Austria.
- September 1938: The Sudetenland is transferred to Germany after the Munich Agreement.
- March 1939:
French Revolution, Napoleon, and the Spanish War of Independence
The Directory and the Consulate
After Robespierre, a conservative government was imposed in France. It was the Directory, formed by five members, including Napoleon. Napoleon, a general who had defeated Austria, was highly influential. However, revolutionaries and monarchists wanted to regain control. Consequently, Napoleon organized a coup, which led to a new government, the Consulate, formed by three people. Napoleon became the First Consul in 1799.
Napoleon’s Ascendancy
In 1802, Napoleon was named
Read MoreSpain 1934-1936: Revolution, Elections, Popular Front
The 1934 Revolution, 1936 Elections, and the Popular Front
The reform program that took place between 1931 and 1933 under the Republican-Socialist coalition served to increase conflict and weaken the government’s work. This led to clashes between different ideologies, such as the Catholicism of Alcalá Zamora against the agnosticism of Manuel Azaña, the division of socialism into two trends (social democrat and trade unionist), and Lerroux’s centrism. This situation arose when the government faced
Read MoreEuropean Imperialism and Global Conflict: 1870-1914
European Imperialism and Global Conflict (1870-1914)
Imperialism (16th-18th Centuries)
Between 1870 and the start of World War I in 1914, significant changes occurred. The economic downturn of 1873-1879 spurred protectionism, leading to a search for new markets, industries, and investment opportunities for growing European nations. Europe’s population surge to 450 million between 1815 and 1914 necessitated advancements in transportation. Powerful trading companies and chambers of commerce established
Read MoreWar of Succession and Bourbon Reforms in Spain
The War of Succession and the System of Utrecht
In 1700, Carlos III died, leaving Philip of Anjou, grandson of Louis XIV of France, as his heir. England and other European powers supported Carlos of Austria, the other candidate for the throne, to prevent French hegemony. The War of Succession caused an international conflict and a civil war in Spain: Castile supported the French candidate, while the Crown of Aragon supported the Austrian candidate. Felipe V became the new King of Spain, despite the
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