Spain 1934-1936: Revolution, Elections, Popular Front
The 1934 Revolution, 1936 Elections, and the Popular Front
The reform program that took place between 1931 and 1933 under the Republican-Socialist coalition served to increase conflict and weaken the government’s work. This led to clashes between different ideologies, such as the Catholicism of Alcalá Zamora against the agnosticism of Manuel Azaña, the division of socialism into two trends (social democrat and trade unionist), and Lerroux’s centrism. This situation arose when the government faced
Read MoreEuropean Imperialism and Global Conflict: 1870-1914
European Imperialism and Global Conflict (1870-1914)
Imperialism (16th-18th Centuries)
Between 1870 and the start of World War I in 1914, significant changes occurred. The economic downturn of 1873-1879 spurred protectionism, leading to a search for new markets, industries, and investment opportunities for growing European nations. Europe’s population surge to 450 million between 1815 and 1914 necessitated advancements in transportation. Powerful trading companies and chambers of commerce established
Read MoreWar of Succession and Bourbon Reforms in Spain
The War of Succession and the System of Utrecht
In 1700, Carlos III died, leaving Philip of Anjou, grandson of Louis XIV of France, as his heir. England and other European powers supported Carlos of Austria, the other candidate for the throne, to prevent French hegemony. The War of Succession caused an international conflict and a civil war in Spain: Castile supported the French candidate, while the Crown of Aragon supported the Austrian candidate. Felipe V became the new King of Spain, despite the
Read MoreThe Spanish Coup of 1936: Origins and Uprising
Conspiracy and Military Uprising
The military conspiracy was initiated following the victory of the Popular Front in the elections of February 1936. However, there had been other attempts before, such as the Sanjurjada (1932) and movements led by Generals Goded, Fanjul, and Franco (December 1935-February 1936).
The Plans of the Conspirators
The conspiracy also had civilian collaborators (Alfonsist and Carlist monarchists, fascists, etc.), who were expected to provide support. However, the coup of July
Read MoreBourbon Reforms & Colonial Transformations in the Americas
Bourbon Reforms and Colonial Transformations
The Bourbon Reforms sought to strengthen Spain’s position against England and Portugal by establishing a more efficient administrative system, innovative policies, and a stronger economy.
Economic Impact
The reforms led to expanding regions and a loss of relative importance for others. The Viceroyalty of the Rio de la Plata was created, and the inclusion of Buenos Aires as an authorized port changed trade monopolies and regional realities. This led to increased
Read MoreThe Parthenon: History, Architecture, and Significance
The Parthenon: Iktinos and Callicrates
General Information:
- Name: Parthenon
- Architects: Iktinos and Callicrates
- Chronology: 447-432 BC
- Location: Acropolis, Athens, Greece
- Style: Classical Greek
- Materials Used: Wood and Pentelic Marble
- Building System: Arquitrave
This temple dates back to the Classical period (447-432 BC), a time following the Punic Wars and the death of Alexander the Great. This era gained prominence during Pericles’ administration in Athens.
Athens was the largest city and the center of
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