Evolution of European States: From Feudalism to Liberalism
The Formation of European States
The state, as a political and institutional complex within a defined territory, capable of effectively producing standards, using public force, and applying legal coercion on individuals or society under its jurisdiction, is not a new invention, nor is it exclusively European. These features are present in ancient civilizations. Throughout history, states have risen and fallen in diverse locations such as Byzantium, pre-Columbian America, and China.
During the sixteenth
Read MoreNEP and the Rise of Stalin: Soviet Economic and Political Transformation
The New Economic Policy (NEP)
The Soviet economy faced collapse, marked by peasant uprisings and the Kronstadt rebellion in March 1921. In response, Lenin introduced the New Economic Policy (NEP) to improve living conditions and quell resistance. The NEP reversed the abolition of private ownership and state control of industry and agriculture, creating a mixed economy. By 1926, the economy had surpassed previous levels. However, the return to market mechanisms drove up prices and exacerbated social
Read MoreKey Events and Changes During Franco’s Final Years
Elements of Change in the Final Stage of Franco: Timeline (late 60s and since 1973) the last years were troubled because of the following circumstances:
- The 1973 oil crisis, leading to conflicts in the workplace.
- Carrero Blanco’s assassination by ETA.
- Increase in ETA attacks and the emergence of other terrorist groups, resulting in military casualties and security forces.
- In 1970, he held the “process villages” and in 1975 the “state of exception” to the anti-terrorism law.
- In September 1975, he executed
Spain Under the Bourbon Restoration and the Second Republic
The Restoration of the Bourbon Monarchy (1874-1902)
It began with Alfonso XII undergoing a dual process: political, where Canovas del Castillo secured the abdication of Queen Isabella II in favor of her son Alfonso and his acceptance after promising a constitutional government; and military, led by General Martinez Campos, who proclaimed the restoration of the monarchy, which continued after the king’s death in 1885.
The Political System of the Restoration
It was based on two pillars:
- The Constitution
Ancient Greece: Key Terms and Definitions
Here are some key terms and definitions related to Ancient Greece:
- Acropolis: A fortified gathering place at the top of a hill, which was also the site of temples and public buildings.
- Aegean Sea: The sea between the peninsula of Greece and Asia Minor, containing thousands of islands.
- Age of Pericles: The period between 461 and 429 B.C. when Pericles dominated Athenian politics and Athens reached the height of its power.
- Agora: An open area that served as a gathering place and as a market.
- Alexander
The Rise of Islam: History, Caliphates, and Expansion
The Rise of Islam
Muhammad, the Prophet of Islam
In the Saudi Middle East, polytheistic beliefs were prevalent, with Mecca serving as an important religious center. Muhammad was born in 570 and orphaned early in life. He worked as a caravan driver. At 25, he entered the service of a wealthy widow, Khadija, whom he married. They had three sons and four daughters. According to Islamic tradition, the archangel Gabriel appeared to Muhammad, proclaiming him the new prophet of Allah, tasked with preaching
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