The Irish Question: Conflict and Nationalism (1171–1900)
The Irish Question: Origins and Early History
Myth and Early Society
Irish myths suggest that Ireland was a chaste Emerald Isle ravished by the brutal Saxon. The “Irish Race” was defined by the division between Celtic and Anglo-Irish populations. During the High Kingship of Tara, Ireland was known for its missionary schools and scholasticism, though it was also a victim of Viking Raids.
The Anglo-Norman Conquest (12th Century)
The Anglo-Norman conquest followed William the Conqueror’s arrival in
Read MoreFrench Revolution Causes, Phases and Napoleonic Legacy
Impact of the Enlightenment and American Revolution
A. The impact of the Enlightenment and the American Revolution
Enlightenment principles and the American Revolution gave the bourgeoisie new ideas to help them confront absolutism and the stratified state system of society. They proposed new forms of social organisation and government. All of this led to the revolutionary cycle that began in France in 1789.
The social and economic crisis
The economic crisis was the result of a series of poor harvests
The Power Structure of Franco’s Regime: The Families of the Movement
The Families of the Francoist Regime
Franco relied on the Falange and its partners among the ideological groups called the Families of the Regime.
1. The Falange: From Ideology to Loyalty
The Falange’s Transformation
- In 1939, the Falange was vastly different from what it had been during the Republic.
- Following the unification process of 1937, which removed figures like José Antonio and other deceased leaders, the new party swelled significantly, gaining “600,000 members in the months following the
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and Korean Security
Three Pillars of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
The three pillars of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) are:
- Non-proliferation: No acquisition or transfer of nuclear weapons.
- Peaceful use: Nuclear-weapon states guarantee non-nuclear-weapon states’ peaceful use of nuclear energy as an inalienable right of all states (Articles IV and V).
- Disarmament: Nuclear-weapon states undertake to pursue negotiations in good faith on nuclear disarmament (Article VI).
The Role of the IAEA Safeguards
Read MoreSpanish Second Republic Transition and Nazi Germany Policies
Spanish Political Shifts (1930-1933)
Dictablanda (1930-1931)
Period running between the resignation of Primo de Rivera in 1930 and the arrival of the Second Republic in 1931, with a soft dictatorship led by Berenguer and Aznar.
Pact of San Sebastián
Agreement between republicans and socialists signed in the summer of 1930, aiming to overthrow Alfonso XIII and the establishment of a Republic in Spain.
12/04/1931 Elections
Municipal votations held in Spain on April 12th, 1931, and interpreted as a referendum
Read MoreBasque Autonomy and the Civil War (1917–1937) – Key Events
Introduction
The desire for self-government took the form of a statute of autonomy. The moderate sector of Basque nationalism, the Euskalerriacos (mainly CNV), promoted a campaign in favour of autonomy in 1917.
Spanish and international context: At the end of the First World War there were problems of nationalities, and the proposals for peace and the rights of self-determination were decisive.
In this context, Eusko Ikaskuntza emerged (1918), promoted by the four diputaciones to study Basque subjects.