The Foundations of Francoism: Ideology and Institutions
Ideological Foundations of Francoism
The new system introduced in 1939 was based from the outset on very clear ideological foundations:
- Concentration of Political Power in Franco. The “unwavering commitment” to the Leader was the key element of the whole political edifice of Francoism.
- Anticommunism. Directed against the so-called ‘Red Menace,’ ranging from the extreme left to the bourgeois democratic revolution.
- National Catholicism (Nacionalcatolicismo). The Church had baptized the military uprising
Early American History Quiz Answers: Indigenous Peoples and Colonization
Quiz Questions: Early American History
Agriculture and Indigenous Societies
- Agriculture in North America: Arose nearly simultaneously as in Asia/Eastern Hemisphere.
- The Three Sisters Crops: The crops most commonly grown by Native Americans, known as the “Three Sisters,” include all of the following *except*: Wheat.
- Native American Ancestry/Descent: The best term to describe this is: Matrilineal.
- Largest City in the Mississippian Empire: Cahokia.
- Native American Group in Chaco Canyon: Pueblo.
- Native American
Spanish Restoration Era: Cánovas System and 1876 Constitution
The Failure of Amadeo I and the First Republic (1873)
Following the death of General Prim (Amadeo I’s main defender), the monarchy failed, unable to cope with the growing strength of opposition to the regime. Amadeo of Savoy’s brief reign was marked by political and social instability, leading to his abdication in 1873. The Cortes then proclaimed the First Spanish Republic.
Divisions and Instability in the Republic
Francisco Pi i Maragall became president, but the Republicans were deeply divided into
Read MoreThe First World War: Origins, Fronts, and Conclusion
The Belligerents of World War I
The Central Powers and The Allies
The conflict involved two major groups:
- The Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, The Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria (other countries joined later).
- The Allies (or Triple Entente): France, Russia, the United Kingdom (UK), and Serbia (the US and other countries joined later).
Underlying Causes of the First World War
Imperialism and Colonial Conflicts
Competition among European countries for imperialist expansion fueled tensions (e.g., the
Read MoreBritish Political and Social Transformation, 1509-1801
Religion, Politics, and Power in 16th-17th Century England
Religion in sixteenth-century England was deeply connected to politics. Henry VIII’s break with Rome, which stemmed from his failure to produce a male heir and his desire to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon, led to a political and religious Reformation in which royal authority replaced papal supremacy. Through the Act in Restraint of Appeals (1533) and the Act of Supremacy (1534), Parliament and Henry declared that “England is
Read MoreFrancoist Spain: State Formation, Autarchy, and Repression
The Formation of the Francoist State (1939-1959)
Change of Regime
- The failure of the military coup of 1936, undertaken by part of the Spanish army, some right-wing politicians, the Falange, and Carlism, led to a civil war that ended in March 1939 with the victory of the rebels.
- The rebels organized a technical committee in Burgos as a provisional government, and Franco was appointed as head of state.
- These events resulted in 40 years of Franco’s dictatorship.
Ideological and Political Foundations
- Personalist