Russia on the Eve of Revolution: Politics and Society
Russia in the Early 20th Century
In the early 20th century, the Russian Empire was one of the world’s largest and most populous nations. However, it lagged politically, economically, and socially, existing in a state between feudalism and early industrialization.
Political Landscape: The Tsarist Autocracy
Political power was concentrated in the hands of the Tsar, Nicholas II, who ruled as an autocrat and served as the head of the Orthodox Church. His power was supported by several key pillars:
- The aristocracy
- The
Franco’s Justification for the 1936 Military Uprising
The Genesis of the Spanish Civil War: Franco’s 1936 Appeal
This document analyzes a political and historical text, self-authored by Francisco Franco (then General Commander of the Canary Islands), concerning the military uprising that initiated the Spanish Civil War.
The Coup of July 18, 1936
The coup d’état, launched on July 18, 1936, was primarily orchestrated by Generals Mola (Pamplona) and Sanjurjo (Lisbon). In the immediate aftermath, Franco issued an appeal directed exclusively to the military
Read MoreTransformations in World History: Renaissance to Industrial Age
Key Inventors and Inventions
- John Kay: Invented the flying shuttle.
- James Hargreaves: Invented the Spinning Jenny.
- Eli Whitney: Invented the cotton gin.
- Robert Fulton: Invented the steamboat.
- Alexander Graham Bell: Invented the first telephone.
- Thomas Edison: Invented the first electric light bulb.
Humanism
Humanism was an intellectual movement that sought to exalt the full range of human qualities and human nature, giving a rational meaning to life by taking ancient Greeks and Latins as masters.
The Renaissance
The
Read MoreThe Age of Reason: Social, Scientific, and Economic Change (1660–1785)
The Great Transformation: 1660 to 1785
The period between 1660 and 1785 was a time of amazing expansion for England. The world seemed fundamentally different by 1785. A sense of new, expanding possibilities transformed the daily life of the British people and offered them fresh ways of thinking about their relationship to nature.
There was a sense of relief and escape: relief from the strain of living in a mysterious universe, and escape from the ignorance and barbarism of the Gothic centuries. This
The American Revolution: Causes, Key Events, and Lasting Impact
The American Revolution was a monumental event in world history that took place between 1775 and 1783, resulting in the thirteen American colonies breaking away from British rule and establishing the United States of America. This revolution was not just a war for independence but a profound transformation in political philosophy, national identity, and global influence.
Historical Background
By the mid-18th century, the British Empire had established firm control over its American colonies. Although
Read MoreThe Road to World War I: Schlieffen Plan and July Crisis
World War I: Origins and the Road to Conflict
World War I, also known as the First World War or the Great War, was a global conflict originating in Europe that lasted from July 28, 1914, to November 11, 1918. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilized in one of the largest wars in history. Over 9 million combatants and 7 million civilians died as a result of the war (including the victims of a number of genocides), a casualty rate exacerbated by the belligerents’
Read More