Earth Science Fundamentals: Crust, Plates, and Geologic Time
Earth’s Composition and Processes
Chapter 1 & 2: Earth’s Structure and Time
Continental vs. Oceanic Crust
How does continental crust differ from oceanic crust? All of the above (thicker, light color, less dense).
The Lithosphere
The rigid, brittle layer of the Earth that is broken into drifting plates is the: Lithosphere.
Uniformitarianism
That geologic processes have been consistent over time (“the present is the key to the past”) is the basis for the theory of: Uniformitarianism.
Geologic Eras
The
Ceramics: Types, Materials, and Manufacturing Process
Ceramics: An Overview
Ceramics are artificial stone-like materials created through a manufacturing process using natural rock raw materials. The primary raw material is clay.
Raw Materials
- Plastic: Clay
- Non-plastic: Materials added to reduce plasticity, lower cooking temperature, and increase porosity.
Manufacturing Steps
- Conveying Systems
- Preparation of the paste
- Molding
- Drying
- Cooking
Types of Ceramics by Application
Bricks
- Perforated
- Hollow (single, double, Rasilla)
- Solid
Tiles
- Curve or Arabic (longitudinal and
Key Concepts in Physics and Biology: Definitions
Key Concepts in Physics
Wave
Wave: A form of energy propagation from one point to another in space, which is not accompanied by a displacement of matter.
Frequency
Frequency: The number of oscillations of a particle per second. Its unit is the Hertz (Hz).
Wavelength
Wavelength: The distance between two peaks. Its unit is the meter (m).
Reflection
Reflection: The change of direction experienced by a ray of light striking the surface of a body.
Refraction
Refraction: The change of direction experienced by a
Read MoreUnderstanding Key Health and Environmental Factors
What is a Risk Factor?
Risk factors are those that provoke, facilitate, or predispose a person to contract a certain disease, by being exposed to certain causal agents. For example, smoking or working in a mine, where smoke and dust minerals can cause respiratory diseases.
Types of Abiotic Contaminants
- Primary (identifiable): Particles, sulfur compounds, nitrogen compounds, inorganic carbon compounds, CO2 (hydrocarbons), and radioactive compounds.
- Secondary: The way the atmosphere and physicochemical-
Earth’s Relief and Geological Processes: A Comprehensive Study
Biotic and Anthropic Components of Earth
- Biotic components: Wildlife, vegetation
- Anthropic elements: Roads, crops
Atmospheric Phenomena
Atmospheric phenomena include wind and humidity.
Understanding Relief
What is Relief?
Relief refers to the difference in elevation of a land surface. Certain landforms recur with frequency.
Descriptive Relief
Relief is classified by its appearance.
Interpreting Relief
Relief is qualified genetically, taking into account the formation process.
Oceanic Relief
- Abyssal plain
- Oceanic
Universe History, Planet Formation, and Continental Drift
History of the Universe
1. Inflation
The universe expanded rapidly.
2. Formation of Matter
The universe was composed of subatomic particles bathed in a lot of energy called photons. When they cooled, they formed neutrons and protons.
3. First Atoms
Approximately 300,000 years after the Big Bang, hydrogen and helium atoms formed.
4. The Ignition of the Universe
Charged particles interfered with the photons. But, as atoms formed, light could travel freely through the newly created space. The universe became
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